从对有效需求和有效供给的再界定看入世初的中国市场

入世已经成为现实，我们必须冷静思考和解决中国市场存在的问题，而这必须依赖对分析工具的正确把握。有效需求和有效供给作为最主要的分析工具，它们本身易于混淆且经济学界对它们的理解也相当混乱。有效需求和有效供给应这样界定：有效需求即实现单位效用最大化的需求；有效供给即实现单位效用最大化的供给。有效供给不足是中国市场最具深远影响和最应受到关注的问题。     

Primary teachers as readers

In the context of the continued pressure and politicisation of the teaching of reading in England, the United Kingdom Literacy Association (UKLA) sought to ascertain patterns in primary teachers' reading, both personally and professionally. The project, undertaken in 11 Local Authorities in England, explored 1200 primary teachers' personal reading habits and preferences, investigated their knowledge of children's literature, and documented their reported use of texts in the classroom through a questionnaire. In addition, it sought to establish the extent of the teachers' involvement with and use of local area/school library services. This paper reports on the findings with reference to the teachers' personal reading, the frequency of this reading and the sources they use to select their reading material. It also considers the teachers' favourite childhood texts and the books they identified as highly significant to them, as well as their perceptions of the importance of literature. Connections are made to the data gathered about their knowledge of children's literature, and how primary teachers decide which literature to work with in the classroom.