成功与启示:阿波罗教育集团的经营之道

在过去的30年中,阿波罗集团的异军突起可以说是美国高等教育领域中最值得人们关注的变化之一。该集团不仅连续多年在华尔街的股票市场中保持着良好的业绩,同时在美国高等教育市场中也获得了飞速的发展。在知识经济时代,随着成人教育的发展壮大、新兴的电子技术对教学方式的影响以及社会对高校管理的关注,阿波罗集团的成功经验引起了人们的广泛注意。通过对其发展历程以及独特的经营模式进行分析和研究,可以使我们更深入地理解教育理念与市场现实是如何紧密结合在一起并取得成功的。     

¡No lucro! … from protest catch cry to presidential policy: is this the beginning of the end of the Chilean neoliberal model of education?

This paper surveys the delivery of school education in Chile over the last half-century. It focuses on evidence provided by recent academic studies on the impact of neoliberal education policies introduced by the military regime in the 1980s, and continued by successive democratic governments. It offers insights into recent popular critiques of the neoliberal model, as reported in the Chilean press, and reflected by significant popular support for student protest movements demanding the end of for-profit schools, and the revitalisation of the public school system – encapsulated in the protesters’ catch cry of ¡No lucro! It considers possible consequences of the adoption, as policy, of that catch cry, by the recently elected Bachelet government.     

营利性高等教育机构办学模式研究——以美国为例

进入知识经济时代,世界各国高等教育的需求日益增大,营利性高等教育机构开始兴起。营利性高等教育机构的产生有着特定的时代背景和原因,其办学模式也有自己的特色,许多国家,特别是美国,都采取了针对营利性高等教育机构的管理措施。     

For-profit post-secondary education and civic engagement

Theorists such as Gumport (2000) suggest thatdifferent conceptions of higher education mayhave important consequences for students andsociety. We explore this possibility byconsidering a specific research question: Dostudents who attend for-profit post-secondaryschools show lower levels of civic engagementthan students who attend non-profit communitycolleges, either at the beginning of theirstudy or two years later? Using longitudinal data from the U.S. NationalCenter for Education Statistics (NCES)National Post-secondary Student Aid Survey(NPSAS90) and Beginning Post-secondary Survey(BPS), we test the hypothesis that students whoattend for-profit, post-secondary vocationalschools will show lower levels of civicengagement on several measures than similarstudents in community colleges. Studentsattending the two types of schools are alike intheir levels of civic engagement at thebeginning of their post-secondary education,but different four years later. We considerwhether observed differences in civic behaviorare due to variations in who attends thedifferent types of schools or to identifiableexperiences students may have in theirprograms, such as interactions with faculty orother students. The effect of proprietary school attendance onseven out of the ten different types of civicengagement measured here appears to be direct,rather than being mediated by measurableeducational experiences. We reflect further onprocesses that might explain the differencesand consider the policy implications of thesefindings for educational decision-makers.     

美国营利性教育机构研究

文章从美国营利性教育机构的发展概况入手，提出以下几个观点：教育需求是营利性教育机构产生的直接动因；产权是营利性教育机构发展的制度保障；健全的法规与认证制度规范了营利性教育机构的发展。在文章的最后，提出了营利性教育机构在发展过程中面临的一些问题。     

Higher education,unbundling, and the end of the university as we know it

Unbundling is the process through which products previously sold together are separated into their constituent parts. In higher education, this dynamic has been driven primarily by financial motivations, and spearheaded by the for-profit sector, but also has pedagogical motivations through its emphasis on personalisation and employability. This article presents a theoretical analysis of the trend, proposing new conceptual tools with which to map the normative implications. While appearing to offer the prospect of financial viability and increased relevance, unbundling presents some worrying signs for universities: first, the removal of possible synergies between teaching and research, and between different modes of learning; second, the undermining of the ability of institutions to promote the public good and ensure equality of opportunity; and third, the threat of hyperporosity to the conducting of basic research with long-term benefits.     

Do Costs Differ Between For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Producers of Higher Education?

In theory, not-for-profit organizations will be characterized by higher production costs per unit of output than for-profit producers of otherwise-identical goods/services, since profit maximization implies cost minimization per unit of output; breaking even does not imply cost minimization and, indeed, may imply inflated costs. We explore the empirical validity of this hypothesis in the context of higher education. Using 1996 data, we estimate multiproduct cost functions for 1,450 public, 1,316 private, not-for-profit, and 176 private, for-profit institutions of higher education in the United States. We fail to find a statistically significant difference between for-profit and not-for-profit private providers, but do find a statistically significant difference between private, not-for-profit institutions and public institutions.     

论教育全球化

教育全球化是指世界范围内的理念、发展进程和机构影响当地教育的政策与实践。在教育全球化过程中,国际组织、跨国教育公司以及新信息交流技术发挥重要的推动作用。目前,人力资本理论和消费主义是主导全球的教育理念。这导致了教育的首要目标是促进经济发展;教育思想的讨论大都指向了人力资本开发、为提高工作技能而进行终身学习以及经济发展;全球教育商业、营利性教育机构、全球教育测评项目、影子教育产业得以迅猛发展。作者认为,不应把对经济增长和收入增长的贡献度作为学校的评估标准,而应将学校对社会发展的贡献程度作为评估学校的标准,重点考察学校对人类幸福和永恒生活作出哪些贡献。

Abstract：

Globalization of education refers to the worldwide discussions,processes,and institutions affecting local educational practices and policies.There are international organizations that directly and indirectly influence national school systems.There are multinational education corporations and schools.Government and professionals engage in global discussions about school policies.Today,the dominant educational ideology is human capital economics and consumerism.Human capital economics defines the primary goal of education to be economic growth.Educational discourses around the world often refer to human capital,lifelong learning for improving job skills,and economic development.Consequently,there is a burgeoning global market for global education business,for-profit education,global testing services,as well as shadow education.The author proposes that school policies should be evaluated on their contribution to the social conditions that provide the conditions for human happiness and longevity rather than being judged by their contribution to economic growth and income.     

美国营利学校的发展现状及其特征

营利学校是近十年来美国基础教育界新兴的一种学校类型。文章在介绍美国营利学校产生的过程,并从类型、数量规模和市场份额这三个方面描述美国营利学校发展现状的基础上,总结出了目前美国营利学校的发展特点。     

Private for-profit higher education in Australia: widening access,participation and opportunities for public-private collaboration

Private for-profit higher education has grown rapidly in many parts of the world. This growth is attributed to many factors, including a broadening of the student population and the recognition that wider access to higher education will be economically beneficial to individuals, governments and society as a whole. In Australia, the number of students in private for-profit higher education is rising, with dramatic projections for the next 10 years. The Australian government has set a target to increase the participation of students in higher education, with a focus on increasing the access and success of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. It is unclear, however, what role the burgeoning private for-profit institutions will play in meeting the government's targets, and what incentives will be provided for them to increase the access and participation of students from disadvantaged groups. This paper analyses the key drivers of growth in private for-profit higher education in Australia, and discusses issues around quality and standards. It examines the strengths and limitations of the sector, and the extent to which it contributes to diversity, access and the participation of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. It argues that the sector needs clear government directions to improve levels of access, and new government policies to encourage public-private collaborations to help ensure sustainability. The paper also briefly touches on the need for a review into the current structure of Australia's higher education sector as a whole, and whether higher education would benefit from the formation of public community colleges with the explicit aim of widening access for disadvantaged student groups. Further, the paper suggests that encouraging such public-private collaboration may be beneficial to ensure access and participation of students from all walks of life, including disadvantaged groups.