Digital Module 16: Longitudinal Data Analysis

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jeffrey Harring and Ms. Tessa Johnson introduce the linear mixed effects (LME) model as a flexible general framework for simultaneously modeling continuous repeated measures data with a scientifically defensible function that adequately summarizes both individual change as well as the average response. The module begins with a nontechnical overview of longitudinal data analyses drawing distinctions with cross-sectional analyses in terms of research questions to be addressed. Nuances of longitudinal designs, timing of measurements, and the real possibility of missing data are then discussed. The three interconnected components of the LME model—(1) a model for individual and mean response profiles, (2) a model to characterize the covariation among the time-specific residuals, and (3) a set of models that summarize the extent that individual coefficients vary—are discussed in the context of the set of activities comprising an analysis. Finally, they demonstrate how to estimate the linear mixed effects model within an open-source environment (R). The digital module contains sample R code, diagnostic quiz questions, hands-on activities in R, curated resources, and a glossary.     

The effect of number of siblings and birth order on educational attainment: Empirical Evidence from Chinese General Social Survey

Data from China demonstrate that the effect of the number of siblings on education is restricted by many factors, such as children’s gender, urban or rural household registration, whether there is only one child, the birth order of children within the family, and parents’ status. Chinese families have significant preferences for the eldest son and the youngest son. Moreover, research based on the natural experiment and instrumental variable approach suggests that market-oriented reform of education has increased the cost of family education expenditures since China’s reform and opening up, which further aggravates the negative impact on education of having many siblings in an urban setting.     

Schwarz不等式及旋转体侧面积的计算问题

文章应用Schwarz不等式的知识,给出了旋转体侧面积计算公式的一个新颖的证明,并同时指出用定积分计算旋转体侧面积时应该避免发生的错误。     

关于我国离婚法定条件的探讨——混合标准还是单一标准

关于离婚法定条件的探讨贯穿于我国婚姻法发展的整个过程。从1950年新中国第一部婚姻法到1980年婚姻法的重新制定,乃至2001年婚姻法的修订,都是一个探索的过程,但探索的结论并没有很大的突破,仍是将离婚法定条件定为感情或婚姻破裂的单一标准。出于完善我国婚姻立法中的法理基础的需要,笔者以为应在我国婚姻立法中确立混合标准的离婚法定条件。     

不等式multiply from i=1 to n(x_i+1/x_i)≥(n+1/n)~n的简证及再推广

i =1∏(xi+xi≥)(n+n)本文给出了不等式的一种简证,并对其进行了推广,同时提出更进一 步的猜想.     

广义冠状系统中有关共轭圈的一个注记

克库勒结构和共轭圈对于苯环系统或冠状系统的分类及其结构特征的刻画起着重要作用,因此有关共轭圈的研究及其结果在诸多文献中出现.文章就广义冠状系统给出其有关共轭圈的下列结果：一个至多含有两条悬挂边且含有克库勒结构M的广义冠状系统必有一个M-共轭圈等.     

论社会主义初级阶段的混合所有制经济

根据党的十五大以来有关社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度的重要阐述,我国应从所有制结构、分配制度和经济运行机制等三个方面做进一步的调整、变革和创新。     

基于OBE理念的二外日语混合式教学改革与实践

为了培养具有创新思维和能力的复合型外语类高素质应用型人才,基于OBE理念采用混合式教学模式,提出课堂、作业、考核等方面的改革措施,对英语专业二外日语教学进行改革,取得了较好的教学效果,实现了教学效果和学生学习积极性的同步提高。     

Community sport and social inclusion: international perspectives

Abstract

This opening article examines the relationship between community sport and social inclusion in research and practice. We discuss the notion of community sport, its multifarious meanings and diverse applications in different parts of the world. We further explore the conceptual and practical links between community sport and different conceptions of social inclusion. In doing so, the article draws together key themes, issues and debates addressed in the collection of articles in this special issue. We conclude by formulating implications and directions for future research and practice.     

关于Kelly问题的一个注记

利用欧氏空间向量内积的性质，对于文[1]中Kelly问题的Wolliam Kruskal猜想证明了m(d，d r)≥√d 3r，并给出了m(2，5)与m(2，6)的最小值．