Covid-19: Emerging Considerations for Body Sourcing and Handling. A Perspective View from Nigeria

The current Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic has spread to about 220 countries of the world and has resulted in a significant number of deaths globally. Infections are still on the rise, and the impact on the global death rate could be devastating. There are fears over the likely impact of a large number of deaths on body sourcing and handling of cadavers for teaching and research. Historically, epidemics come with several challenges and have often led to some level of negligence of ethical practices and health and safety regulations associated with body sourcing and handling. The authors highlighted some emerging problems in this article, focusing on Africa and Nigeria in particular. These problems include a higher risk of coronavirus exposure for body handlers, shortage of cadavers for teaching and learning, a lack of standard regulations leading to unethical body sourcing and handling, and a lack of monitoring and collaboration needed for a well-coordinated Covid-19 pandemic response strategy. If these issues are ignored, the previous gains made in anatomical ethical practices may be destroyed. Some useful recommendations for policymaking geared toward prevention or curtailing these emerging issues have been instilled in this article.     

The Unintentional Effects on Body Donation Programs of a Competency-Based Curriculum in Postgraduate Medical Education

As medical programs place increasing importance on competency-based training and surgical simulations for residents, anatomy laboratories, and body donation programs find themselves in a position of adapting to changing demands. To better assess the demand for “life-like” cadaveric specimens and evaluate the possible impacts that competency-based medical education could have upon the body donation program of McGill University, Canada, the authors tracked, over the course of the last 10 years, the number of soft-embalmed specimens, along with the number of teaching sessions and the residents enrolled in competency-based programs that are using cadaveric material. The results reveal that the number of soft-embalmed specimens used within residency training increased from 5 in 2009 to 35 in 2019, representing an increase from 6% of bodies to 36.5% of the total number of body donors embalmed in this institution. Correspondingly, the number of annual teaching sessions for residents increased from 19 in 2012 to 116 in 2019. These increases in teaching are correlated with increasing number of residents enrolled in competency-based programs over the last 3 years (Pearson r ranging from 0.9705 to 0.9903, and R² ranging from 0.9418 to 0.9808). Those results suggest that the new skill-centered curricula which require residents to perform specific tasks within realistic settings, exhibit a growing demand for “life-like” cadaveric specimens. Institutions’ body donation programs must, therefore, adapt to those greater need for cadaveric specimens, which presents many challenges, ranging from the logistical to the ethical.     

足球俱乐部盈利模式分析

足球俱乐部是足球产业的基本单位。在足球发达的国家和地区，投资足球俱乐部收益显，其盈利模式有品牌型、偶像型、融资型和销售型四种基本类型。我国的足球俱乐部有广告型、公关型和投资型三种经营模式：本通过对国内外足球俱乐部盈利模式的分析，提出我国俱乐部盈利模式的建议。     

人与生产力

历史是通过人的活动创造的，历史又有着自己的规律，人是在自己意识支配下活动的，历史却并不完全遵照人的意识。马克思主义不到人以外寻找历史规律，却又把人置于历史规律即生产力发展进程之中。人是生产力的创造者，生产力又创造着人。     

关于两物标方位定位问题

分析了两方位定位的准确度、物标选择的要求等问题 ,并得出结论 :当两物标观测方位的差等于 90°时 ,观测船位的精度最高 ;选择定位物标时应从方位线的交角考虑 ,即交角等于 90°为最好 ,文献 [1～ 5 ]所述离物标的距离愈近愈好的结论并不是绝对正确的 ,从而纠正了在各种中外《航海学》教材中存在的错误     

体育赛事定价应考虑的问题及实施措施探讨

在体育产业化快速发展的今天,体育赛事所具有的巨大产业价值逐渐受到社会各界的普遍认同。随着体育赛事市场化程度的加深,体育组织经常会遇到这样的问题,运动队出席商业表演赛收取多少出场费才算合理,举办体育赛事应该制定怎样的门票价格,企业对赛事进行赞助、履行企业要求的义     

对以倾销法的几点质疑

从反倾销法的观念基础，一些基本的法律概念和法律效僧这三方面反倾销法本身提出了质疑，并且就反倾销法的现状和未来进行了探讨。     

体育赋税征收的归宿及税收减免的经济分析

采用经济分析的方法,对体育赋税征收的归宿、产生的影响以及对体育企业减免税收带来的益处进行分析并作归纳。征收消费税,可通过提高体育产品实际价格来减少对体育服务的需求;征收利润税,税后的经济影响取决于经理人员的目标;对体育投资进行税收减免,可刺激对体育资本的投资。以期为体育经营者科学地制定产品价格,提高决策水平提供参考。     

The Use of Augmented Reality Technology in Medical Specimen Museum Tours

Human anatomical specimen museums are commonly used by medical, nursing, and paramedical students. Through dissection and prosection, the specimens housed in these museums allow students to appreciate the complex relationships of organs and structures in more detail than textbooks could provide. However, it may be difficult for students, particularly novices, to identify the various parts of these anatomical structures without additional explanations from a docent or supplemental illustrations. Recently, augmented reality (AR) has been used in many museum exhibits to display virtual objects in videos captured from the real world. This technology can significantly enhance the learning experience. In this study, three AR-based support systems for tours in medical specimen museums were developed, and their usability and effectiveness for learning were examined. The first system was constructed using an AR marker. This system could display virtual label information for specimens by capturing AR markers using a tablet camera. Individual AR markers were required for all specimens, but their presence in and on the prosected specimens could also be obtrusive. The second system was developed to set the specimen image itself as an image marker, as most specimens were displayed in cross section. Visitors could then obtain the label information presented by AR without any markers intruding on the display or anatomical specimens. The third system was comprised of a head-mounted display combined with a natural click interface. The system could provide visitors with an environment for the natural manipulation of virtual objects with future scalability.     

Guiding Low Spatial Ability Individuals through Visual Cueing: The Dual Importance of Where and When to Look

Research suggests that spatial ability may predict success in complex disciplines including anatomy, where mastery requires a firm understanding of the intricate relationships occurring along the course of veins, arteries, and nerves, as they traverse through and around bones, muscles, and organs. Debate exists on the malleability of spatial ability, and some suggest that spatial ability can be enhanced through training. It is hypothesized that spatial ability can be trained in low-performing individuals through visual guidance. To address this, training was completed through a visual guidance protocol. This protocol was based on eye-movement patterns of high-performing individuals, collected via eye-tracking as they completed an Electronic Mental Rotations Test (EMRT). The effects of guidance were evaluated using 33 individuals with low mental rotation ability, in a counterbalanced crossover design. Individuals were placed in one of two treatment groups (late or early guidance) and completed both a guided, and an unguided EMRT. A third group (no guidance/control) completed two unguided EMRTs. All groups demonstrated an increase in EMRT scores on their second test (P < 0.001); however, an interaction was observed between treatment and test iteration (P = 0.024). The effect of guidance on scores was contingent on when the guidance was applied. When guidance was applied early, scores were significantly greater than expected (P = 0.028). These findings suggest that by guiding individuals with low mental rotation ability “where” to look early in training, better search approaches may be adopted, yielding improvements in spatial reasoning scores. It is proposed that visual guidance may be applied in spatial fields, such as STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine), surgery, and anatomy to improve student's interpretation of visual content. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.