明清州县狱囚的脱逃与处置

狱囚的入狱是朝廷使用强制力的结果,体现的是朝廷对狱囚的惩罚,并非狱囚本人的意愿。由于监狱的环境、衣食医疗条件差,人身自由受到监舍、狱具的限制,还可能受到牢头、狱卒的敲诈欺凌,狱囚的身心都受到很大损害,处于极端痛苦之中。特别是对于已决待执行的囚犯,他们更面临着朝廷刑罚的严厉惩罚。所以,脱离监狱,重获自由是许多狱囚的愿望,其中有一部分狱囚在特定条件下将脱逃的欲望变成了行为。狱囚的逃脱是对朝廷和法律权威以及监狱制度的挑战,当然为朝廷所严禁。     

Authorship,Gender, and Institutional Affiliation in Library History:

Library historians can learn a great deal from studying the gender of authorship and institutional affiliation of a scholarly journal. The focus of this study is to examine these two aspects of journal production in library history to see who is producing published research in this field. Twenty-three years of Libraries & Culture were chosen as the target volumes. The study reveals that more men than women published in library history as well as locating which institutions were represented. This type of information is usedful to the library historian engaged in the analysis of published scholarship, and more generally to scholars with an interest in patterns of literature production in fields closely related to the social and behavioral sciences.