自我、体育与社会:论符号互动理论在体育研究中的应用

论述了符号互动理论的产生与演进及其对体育社会学研究的影响,对自我与身份认同、社会互动以及传媒领域中体育权力与斗争等问题进行了分析。结果表明,符号互动理论在体育社会学和心理学的研究中依旧发挥着重要作用。     

符号互动论视角下教师非言语符号的课堂应用

经由符号互动论这一理论进路,教师非言语符号可在以往研究基础上开展进一步的学理认知。教师的非言语符号分为外在显性的身体传播和内在隐性的气质美学,在具体的课堂实践应用中,表现出角色与人际同步、情感与理性并重、主体与客体共生的理念。教师在进行非言语符号互动时,应依据不同情境前提进行特意选择,行动之中将受到结构性的约束,后期应适时倾听各方反馈、不断调试。在未来的创新路径中,教师非言语符号可通过常规姿态的陌生化、印象管理的多元化与媒介言语的网际化实现深化。     

Teachers’ motives for learning in networks: costs,rewards and community interest

Background: This paper discusses teachers’ perspectives on learning networks and their motives for participating in these networks. Although it is widely held that teachers’ learning may be developed through learning networks, not all teachers participate in such networks.

Purpose: The theme of reciprocity, central to studies in the area of learning in networks, is often approached from a rational exchange perspective. This study attempts to extend this approach with reference to the concept of symbolic interactionism. The study was guided by the following research question: What is the relationship between teachers’ perceptions of learning networks and their motives for participation or non-participation in these networks?

Design and methods: In order to address this research question, semi-structured interviews among 25 teachers in secondary education in the Netherlands were carried out. The semi-structured interviews consisted of three parts: background information, perspectives on learning networks and personal experiences with those networks. Data were analysed qualitatively and analyses consisted of within-case analysis, and cross-case analysis of interview fragments. Three themes were considered: (1) perspectives on learning networks, (2) motives for participation perceived as rational exchange, (3) motives for participation perceived as related to social order.

Findings: The findings are presented around these three themes. Each theme is discussed in relation to relevant aspects from the literature. Findings indicated that teachers perceived learning networks to be organised both within-school and outside school, and mostly focused around specific content knowledge. Reasons for participation or non-participation were related to rational costs and rewards (such as time, technology, self-efficacy); in symbolic motives (such as joy, sharing and mutual understanding), and also in a sense of meaning that resulted from networking activities.

Conclusions: We conclude that, in addition to social exchange motives, the data suggest that symbolic aspects of communication and interaction play an important role in considerations for participation in learning networks. This may be described in terms of four ‘types’ of networking teachers: the Community focused networking teacher, the Locally focused networking teacher, the Not-yet-networking teacher, and the Non-networking teacher. It is hoped that these exploratory findings could be helpful in supporting the development of learning networks for all teachers.     

Re-conceptualising authority relations in education: a micro-situational approach

ABSTRACT

This article explores the conception of authority relations in the classroom that are implicit in some examples of related policy documentation in Scotland and England. We argue that the importance of the constitutive role of the micro-dynamics of face-to-face interaction in classroom settings is neglected in documentation of this type. We explore this claim with reference to examples of policy in two jurisdictions of the United Kingdom, namely The Donaldson Review and The Standards for Registration in Scotland, and policy-related guidance from England on improving discipline in schools and pupils’ behaviour. We also consider how authority relations are conceptualised in a recent article that has made a significant contribution to the literature in the field. Finally, we present a theoretical account that counterbalances prevailing approaches to authority relations in the classroom. We suggest that authority is continuously negotiated, challenged, accepted, defined and ultimately constituted in and through the dynamics of interaction amongst pupils (and between pupils and teachers).     

农村留守儿童发展的生态模型与教育启示

近些年来,农村留守儿童已经成为中国一类不可忽视的弱势群体,农村留守儿童的健康发展受到了全社会的广泛关注。然而,由于缺乏相应的理论基础,农村留守儿童的心理发展与教育研究相对比较薄弱,甚至得出了一些比较有争议的研究结论。从本质上看,农村留守儿童的发展问题实际上是环境与个体发展之间的关系问题。基于对环境与个体关系的宏理论和相关微理论的分析,文章提出了农村留守儿童心理发展的生态模型,从远环境和近环境以及保护因素和危险因素等与儿童发展结果之间的相互作用关系进行了探讨。最后,基于该模型,提出了针对农村留守儿童的教育建议。     

情境知识与社会互动——符号互动论的知识社会学思想评析

符号互动论既是现代社会学的一个重要理论流派,又是知识社会学的微观取向的思想传统。它关注被实证主义社会学所忽略的情境知识,并赋予这种知识本源性的地位,将情境知识与社会互动的双向建构作为重要的研究议题。符号互动论将“意义”视为关于“自我”和客观世界的知识,这种知识产生于行动者对行动情境的反应和泛化他人的态度。情境知识作为现实知识的构成部分,具有影响行动并建构社会的功能。符号互动论的理论视角和描述性方法不仅为现代知识社会学打开了新的研究视域,而且提供了对知识进行经验研究的有效进路。     

信任促进两人层次知识转移的机制的研究

近来,如何促进知识在组织中、组织间有效地转移,已成为众多经理人和研究人员关注的热点。过去的文献都是从信任如何促使人们更愿意参与知识转移的角度来研究信任对知识转移的促进作用。本文提出,信任对知识转移的促进作用不仅在于促使人们更愿意参与知识转移,还在于能够使知识转移活动对于参与双方来说变得更容易。进一步,本文运用符号互动理论的观点,从信任对知识转移双方互动过程的影响的角度入手,论述了信任能通过以下三种方式使知识转移变得更容易:(1)使知识转移双方沟通加深;(2)促使提供方划清自己的知识领域;(3)促进双方积极的归因。     

符号互动论视野下的幼儿园师幼互动简

符号互动论以人际互动为核心,以符号为媒介,以个体参与为建构方式,以个体的心灵和自我为互动的产物.纵观实际,幼儿园师幼互动中存在若干问题,主要有：幼儿主体地位缺失,师幼互动共同体的简单化、制度化,对幼儿自我意识和心灵建构的破坏.基于此,笔者以符号互动论为视角,审视幼儿园师幼互动应该：创设轻松自由的互动氛围,重视幼儿的主体性需求,建立平等、合作、互相尊重的互动关系.     

Social and socio‐mathematical norms in collaborative problem‐solving

Based on the notions of social and socio‐mathematical norms we investigate how these are established during the interactions of pre‐service teachers who solve mathematical problems. Norms identified in relevant studies are found in our case too; moreover, we have found norms related to particular aspects of the problems posed. Our results show that most of these norms, once established, enhance the problem‐solving process. However, exceptions do exist, but they have a local orientation and a relatively small influence.

En s'appuyant sur les concepts des normes sociales et ‘socio‐mathématiques’, nous avons étudié comment ces normes se sont établies au cours des interactions entre les enseignants et les étudiants en activité de résolution des problèmes mathématiques. Aux résultats de la recherche apparaissent d'une part les mêmes normes qui ont été déjà remarquées à d'autres recherches relatives et d'autre part des normes liées plus particulièrement aux problèmes posés. Les résultats de la recherche montrent que dans la majorité des cas les normes aident le processus de la resolution des problèmes. Il existe bien sûr des exceptions, mais elles ont une influence et une orientation locale.

Basierend auf den Begriffen der sozialen und sozio‐mathematischen Normen untersuchen wir, wie diese in die Interaktionen von angehenden Lehrern beim Lösen von mathematischen Problemen einfliessen. Normen, welche in relevanten Studien identifiziert werden, wurden in unserem Fall ebenfalls gefunden. Wir haben ausserdem Normen gefunden, welche sich auf bestimmte Aspekte der Fragestellungen beziehen. Unsere Resultate zeigen, dass die meisten Normen, sind sie einmal etabliert, die Problemlösungsprozess verbessern. Es bestehen zwar Ausnahmen, doch diese haben eine lokale Orientierung und einen relativ kleinen Einfluss.

Basados en las nociones de la norma social y sociomatemática, estamos investigando cómo se establecen dichas normas durante las interacciones de los profesores en pre‐servicio, que resuelven problemas matemáticos. Las normas identificadas en estudios relevantes también se encuentran en nuestro caso; de hecho, hemos hallado normas relacionadas con aspectos particulares de los problemas expuestos. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la mayor parte de estas normas, una vez establecidas, mejoran el proceso de solución de problemas. Sin embargo, existen también excepciones pero éstas tienen una orientación local y una relativamente menor influencia.     

Listening to children’s voices in educational research: some theoretical and methodological problems

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in children’s experiences and perspectives of their own lives. This interest has been stimulated by legal and political initiatives (e.g., the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child), and by theoretical developments in education and social science disciplines. Children are no longer viewed primarily as “becomings”, but as “beings”, whose ideas, experiences, choices and relationships are interesting in their own right. Children, like adults, are “social agents”, who make sense of their experiences. This paper discusses the multi‐level approach metaphorically termed “listening to children’s voices”. First, there is the methodological level – i.e., how to listen. However, this paper does not go into detail regarding what kinds of methods are suitable for grasping the sense of children’s experiences. Second, studies of children’s (or adults’) experiences are underpinned by insider epistemology, the core of which is that insiders have a privileged access to knowledge of their own experiences. The question that will be addressed is what kind of knowledge is insider knowledge; two versions of insider epistemology are discussed in this paper. Third, the approach of listening to children is also underpinned by theory of the subject (or subjectivities). The paper briefly discusses five conceptions of the subject in terms of their possible implications for research on children’s experiences and perspectives. It is argued that even though some definitions of the subject are directly opposed to each other, it is possible to combine some perspectives. The relational conception of the subject, and the theory of interactionism developed by Brian Fay may be helpful for developing knowledge of lived experience, especially when individuals and groups being studied are seemingly very different from the researcher. It is concluded that an open (or weak) thesis of insider epistemology and a relational theory of the subject can offer a powerful theoretical foundation for research on experiences of children, especially of children whose voices are seldom heard.