Digital Module 16: Longitudinal Data Analysis

In this digital ITEMS module, Dr. Jeffrey Harring and Ms. Tessa Johnson introduce the linear mixed effects (LME) model as a flexible general framework for simultaneously modeling continuous repeated measures data with a scientifically defensible function that adequately summarizes both individual change as well as the average response. The module begins with a nontechnical overview of longitudinal data analyses drawing distinctions with cross-sectional analyses in terms of research questions to be addressed. Nuances of longitudinal designs, timing of measurements, and the real possibility of missing data are then discussed. The three interconnected components of the LME model—(1) a model for individual and mean response profiles, (2) a model to characterize the covariation among the time-specific residuals, and (3) a set of models that summarize the extent that individual coefficients vary—are discussed in the context of the set of activities comprising an analysis. Finally, they demonstrate how to estimate the linear mixed effects model within an open-source environment (R). The digital module contains sample R code, diagnostic quiz questions, hands-on activities in R, curated resources, and a glossary.     

对新规则下直拍进攻型打法发展趋势的研究

直拍进攻型打法曾经是我国乒坛的主流打法,由于缺乏创新,在近10多年一直不太景气.但是,直拍进攻型打法有其特定的优势,具有很强的抗争能力,只要创新技术、加强实力,就能登上世界乒坛的最高峰;诚然,它自身的确也存在着很多问题,加上11分赛制和无遮挡发球的实行,必定会给这种打法带来一些影响(正负双方面).因此,在新形势下对直拍进攻型打法进行进一步的深入剖析和探讨,成为我国乒坛亟待解决的课题.通过对世界优秀男子直拍进攻型打法选手的技战术进行统计与分析,并走访乒乓界权威人士和有关专家,对新规则带来的一些问题和该打法今后的发展趋势进行深入分析与探讨,为进一步提高我国直拍进攻型打法的技术水平提供科学理论和参考依据.     

哪些研究问题需要用分层线性模型回答

采用常规的回归分析或方差分析处理行为科学与社会科学研究中经常遇到的嵌套数据，不能满足独立观察的假定，得到的标准误差较小，导致I型错误扩大化，同时，也不利于对不同层次变量不同作用的探讨，分层线性则明确区分数据层次，通过对个体水平变量和组别水平变量的分层综合分析，避免了上述弊病，因而可对个体水平的变量进行更准确的预测和更合理的解释，通过实例介绍了将研究问题与分层线性模型有机结合的方法。     

三维影相的新算法——修正的直接线性变换

通过引入摄影机镜头的内、外方位元素的约束条件,导出了一种修正的DLT(MDLT)方法。该方法用于影片和录相的实测,得到一些有意义的结果。当测量的标定控制点点数较少(6～8个),且这些点的位置在空间和成像面分布不均匀时,用MDLT计算的结果比DLT的结果要好,误差可降低80％以上。     

一类具有Z2等变性质的五次哈密顿向量场的全局相图(Ⅱ)

文章考虑了一类具有Z2等变性质的五次哈密向量场的全局性质，得到了其全局相图，并对参数空间进行了划分。     

约束线性方程组唯一解的Cramer法则

A∈Cmxn,T为Cn的子空间.本文给出了约束线性方程组Ax=b(x∈T)的唯一解的Cramer法则,同时也给出了一些相容或不相容线性方程组在一定意义下解的Cramer法则.     

图书馆网络信息服务管理模式析探

从点、线、面的角度，分别论述图书馆网络信息服务管理的三种基本模式——点状管理模式、线性管理模式、网状管理模式；在分析各模式在图书馆的应用表现形式和各自特点的基础上，提出环境管理模式是理想的图书馆网络信息服务管理模式。     

关于具有两个二次代数曲线解的三次系统的极限环

本文介绍近年来在这方面研究的进展情况,同时给出一些新的结果,并提出一些尚未解决的问题。     

A new approach to explore the knowledge transition path in the evolution of science & technology: From the biology of restriction enzymes to their application in biotechnology

In this contribution, we develop a new approach to explore the process of knowledge transition from discovery-oriented science to technological fields, via applications-oriented research, including a mediator set. This trajectory is referred to as the D-A-T trajectory. It is shown how it can be constructed and measures are proposed to characterize the relational strength among different environments (discovery oriented research, applications-oriented research and patents) and the speed of evolution. Our approach is illustrated by a case study of three fundamental restriction enzymes articles. Among other results we found that 387 patents cited 124 of the 988 articles (a share of 12.55%) in the mediator set. Defining the non-patent references (NPR) transition rate as the number of citing patents divided by the number of articles in the mediator set yields a value 0.392. Our results suggest that the D-A-T path acts as a backbone and reveals important “invisible contributions” of an original scientific work during its evolution from discovery oriented research to outside academia. Our contribution provides a useful tool for bridging the existing gap in detecting the transition of knowledge between science and technology.     

Jacobi与Gauss—Seidel迭代法求解线性方程组收敛性比较与研究

Jacobi迭代法和Gauss-Seidel迭代法是计算机求解线性方程组常用的两种迭代法,但是这两种方法对方程的收敛性要求很严,大部分方程组均不能用以求解.给出一些基本技巧:对于简单的2阶方程组,若Jacobi法与Gauss-Seidel法均发散,可交换其两行求得其解;对一般性方程,给出一个应用性较强的定理,将方程Ax=b ATAx=ATb,可以用Gauss-Seidel求得任何｜A｜≠0方程组的解.