清代州县官的仪卫制度和基层司法困境——兼论礼法关系的另一面

学界通常认为唐代以降的法律发展是礼法融合的过程,强调礼法的一致性而忽视二者之间存在的矛盾和冲突。集中体现在帝国的晚期：清代礼制高度发展,州县官仪卫制度化、使用日常化。造成的结果是强化了官民差别,促成了官民壁垒,司法面临诸多困境。最终司法模式改变,司法走向腐败、黑暗。其深层次原因既包括清代礼制背离礼的基本精神,和法发生冲突,也包括礼和法本质的矛盾。     

罚金刑的正义及其实现——以中英罚金量刑为视角

罚金量刑是否符合正义要求,受社会观念和法律规定的双重影响。在罚金量刑上,中英法院都避免“以罚代刑”观念;在量刑原则上,我国注重普遍平等,英国注重罚金刑个别平等;在罚金数额计算上,我国主要以犯罪对象为依据,英国在确定适用罚金等级后,需要查明犯罪人财产状况。尽管对罚金量刑的正义内涵理解不同,但我国在罚金量刑正义的制度保障方面需要进一步完善。     

The Media as a Judicial and Police Resource

Abstract

This article examines how media reports of police court trials played an important discursive role in the workings of summary justice and the emergence of the policed society in Scotland in the first half of the nineteenth century. It argues that the dominant messages that trial coverage conveyed were laden with middle-class social and cultural assumptions concerning the accessibility, usefulness and fairness of the courts, and the character and guilt of the accused. Above all, the reports spoke to the intrinsic value of lay magistrates as paternal agents of community conflict resolution and police courts and, more subtly, the police as firm but trustworthy levers of urban discipline.     

明代黔中六长官司建置考辨

明代黔中西堡、宁谷、十二营、康佐、募役、定营等六长官司,在开设之初皆有副长官司。正、副长官司辖地、治权各不相同,形成相互牵制的政区实体,各自以独立身份与明王朝建立联系。在明清土司制度研究中,同司正副分治的现象应予重视。     

University of Utrecht 1636–1676: res ecclesia,res publica and … res pecunia

The early history of Utrecht University (founded 1636) reflects an emerging public sphere (Habermas’s ‘bürgerliche öffentlichkeit’) of a major town in the Netherlands. This public sphere was a contested field among the different groups establishing and administering the university: university professors, town magistrates and representatives of the newly established Reformed Church and the former dominant Catholic Church. The factionalised magistrates developed a public sphere, while also trying to limit the passionate but destabilising debate concerning the new philosophy of Descartes. They supported the Calvinistic anti-Descartes movement while permitting, and even advocating, the establishment of the new philosophy at the university. They ambivalently protected the academy from the consistory’s control while simultaneously trying to safeguard their own (financial) position. It is concluded that the Habermasian framework has to be fleshed out in local histories, such as this case study of Utrecht University, to demonstrate the ‘messy’ complexities in reality.