语言学习中的“生成过度”和“生成不足”现象解析

针对外语学习者语言输出中的“生成过度”和“生成不足”现象,本文从其表现形式、出现原因和负面影响等方面进行了分析,随之提出解决方案和对策,得出对英语教学的启示,旨在引起更多语言学教师和学生对此问题的重视,促进语言习得进程。     

Stimulus Velocity,Duration and Uncertainty as Determiners of Response Structure and Timing Accuracy

Abstract

The present experiments examined the effects of stimulus velocity, stimulus duration, and stimulus uncertainty on the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy of coincident timing responses. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the response structure for aimed movements differed from that of ballistic movements but response accuracy was comparable for both movement conditions. However, when information concerning the stimulus velocity was provided, the responses to the faster stimuli (i.e., stimuli of shorter duration) appeared to be “speeded up” copies of those to slower stimuli and response accuracy increased as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). When the stimulus velocity was not known, subjects initiated a common response for approximately 260 msec and response accuracy appeared to decrease as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). Experiment 2 indicated that the stimulus duration rather than the stimulus velocity was the major determiner of both the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy and that a very fast and a very slow stimulus will be responded to similarly when the stimulus duration remains constant.     

Shoulder 3D range of motion and humerus rotation in two volleyball spike techniques: injury prevention and performance

Repetitive stresses and movements on the shoulder in the volleyball spike expose this joint to overuse injuries, bringing athletes to a career threatening injury. Assuming that specific spike techniques play an important role in injury risk, we compared the kinematic of the traditional (TT) and the alternative (AT) techniques in 21 elite athletes, evaluating their safety with respect to performance. Glenohumeral joint was set as the centre of an imaginary sphere, intersected by the distal end of the humerus at different angles. Shoulder range of motion and angular velocities were calculated and compared to the joint limits. Ball speed and jump height were also assessed. Results indicated the trajectory of the humerus to be different for the TT, with maximal flexion of the shoulder reduced by 10 degrees, and horizontal abduction 15 degrees higher. No difference was found for external rotation angles, while axial rotation velocities were significantly higher in AT, with a 5% higher ball speed. Results suggest AT as a potential preventive solution to shoulder chronic pathologies, reducing shoulder flexion during spiking. The proposed method allows visualisation of risks associated with different overhead manoeuvres, by depicting humerus angles and velocities with respect to joint limits in the same 3D space.     

Sport-specific musculoskeletal growth and postural control in female artistic gymnasts: a 12 month cohort study

Abstract

Female gymnasts have been evidenced to experience sport-specific growth, of which broad shoulders and narrow hips are common characteristics. In addition to being a central component of handstand performance, postural control mechanisms, including whole-body and lumbo-pelvic stability, have been identified as risk factors for overuse spinal pathology. The study aimed to develop a fundamental understanding of musculoskeletal growth and postural control responses of female artistic gymnasts in order to extend longitudinal insights into overuse spinal pathology risk. Whole-body anthropometric measures were collected for 12 competitive female gymnasts (age at recruitment: nine to 15 years) at three time points across a 12 month period. Musculoskeletal growth was partially defined as the rate of bicristal-to-biacromial breadth ratio development, and informed shoulder- and pelvis-dominant growth sub-groups. Kinematic and kinetic indicators of postural control were determined for a total of 700 handstand trials. The shoulder-dominant (gymnastics-specific) growth group was found to have significantly greater biomechanical risk for general stability (p < 0.001) than the pelvis-dominant group. Significantly greater lumbo-pelvic risk was demonstrated for the pelvis-dominant group (p < 0.001). Extended idiosyncratic examination of proportional sport-specific growth measures alongside multi-faceted risk monitoring was advocated for the effective development of future overuse pathology prevention protocols.     

二语写作中的母语迁移现象

母语迁移现象是二语习得研究领域的重要课题,其在二语写作中的表现较为突出。通过英汉语对比,分析了中国学生二语写作中在词汇和语法两方面的母语迁移现象,同时对回避和过度使用等其他母语迁移现象也进行了初步探讨。     

中国英语学习者动词超用原因分析——一项基于learn的名词搭配的研究

各阶段的二语学习者区别于操母语者的一大特征就是，二语学习者在某些词的使用频率上要远超操母语者，反之亦然。这直接影响学习者语言运用的质量。对于动词超用的原因研究能有效反映出学习者中间语的特点和存在的不足。以动名搭配为切入口，基于中国学习者和操母语者语料库的对比研究揭示了操母语者脱离语境学习词汇，母语影响及同义词混淆是我国二语学习者动词的超用的原因。     

单板U型场地滑雪项目运动员损伤特征分析

目的：探讨国家单板U型场地滑雪项目运动队损伤特征,提供预防措施。研究方法：采用临床检查、回顾调查、实地观察和现场摄像等方法,对16名国家队运动员损伤进行横断面调查和跟踪研究。结果：损伤由多病因综合作用产生,下肢损伤多于上肢,严重损伤少,过度使用损伤较多;陆训期以过度使用损伤为主,没有上肢损伤,急性损伤多在雪上训练比赛期发生,上肢损伤明显增加。结论：强调训练因素对损伤的影响;陆地训练时训练中要有预康复训练,雪上训练比赛期重视优秀运动员上肢损伤,维持规范的力量训练。     

论母语在第二语言习得中的作用

母语对习得第二语言有重要影响，其影响可以从它在习得中的作用形式、作用内容和作用过程来研究和分析。母语在习得中作用形式有正负迁移、回避和过度使用，这三类形式可以发生在语内和语际。产生这三种作用形式主要是由于母语和第二语言在结构规则上的差异——作用内容不同造成的。这些形式和内容的作用过程表现为习得过程中出现多变性语言系统——中介语。     

The scientific foundations and associated injury risks of early soccer specialisation

ABSTRACT

Early specialisation is characterised by formal participation in a single sport at the exclusion of others. Limited data are available to support this approach in the development of soccer players who attain elite status later in life. Of growing concern is the associated increased risk of injury and suggestions that single sport specialisation is a risk factor independent of age, growth, biological maturation and training volumes. In the United Kingdom, elite soccer organisations have recently adopted an early sport specialisation approach following the introduction of the Elite Player Performance Plan. A key tenet of this programme is increased opportunities for training through a marked rise in the specified on-pitch hours per week. The accumulation of high training hours may be less of a relevant marker for success, and the impact of such a significant increase in training volume for young athletes who are experiencing a range of growth and maturational processes is currently unknown. This critical commentary includes an evidence-based discussion of the effectiveness of early sport specialisation and the potential injury risks associated with such programmes placing a specific focus on elite male youth soccer players. Available data indicate that modifications to the existing Elite Player Performance Plan framework could enhance players’ development and reduce injury risk. Proposed alterations include reduced volume of soccer-specific training at key stages of growth and maturation and guidelines for the provision of a greater variety of physical activities that are integrated within other programme components.     

高校学生“数字脱瘾”行为影响因素研究

[目的/意义]数字技术的发展,带来了用户数字成瘾或设备过度使用等社会问题,数字脱瘾作为处理这些社会问题的重要解决方案开始受到关注。探究高校在读学生群体数字脱瘾的影响因素具有现实参考意义。[方法/过程]通过半结构化深度访谈,获取高校在读学生群体的数字设备使用情况、数字脱瘾的原因、途径和效果评价等数据,对数字脱瘾的影响因素进行梳理讨论。[结果/结论]研究总结高校在读学生群体对于数字设备的依赖原因,发现个体因素、情境因素和效果评价等影响因素,并揭示其对数字脱瘾的作用过程。