The decline in breaktimes and lunchtimes in primary and secondary schools in England: Results from three national surveys spanning 25 years

Breaktimes are ubiquitous in English schools. Research suggests they have social value for children, but school staff often have a range of concerns about breaktimes and tend to undervalue them. However, there is little understanding about these times, not least because data are not collected about their organisation and characteristics. This paper brings together data from three national surveys undertaken in 1995, 2006 and 2017 of head teachers of primary and secondary schools to provide an understanding of the nature, organisation and staff attitudes towards breaktimes and how they have changed over 25 years. At each survey point, completed questionnaires were received from representative random samples of over 1000 primary and secondary schools. Results showed marked reductions in the average total amount of time for breaks, the virtual abolition of afternoon breaks and a decline in time available for lunchtime breaks. The reductions were largely for behavioural reasons and to increase time for learning. Results also show variations in the length of breaktimes across school types and in relation to socioeconomic disadvantage, and changes to the amount of supervision provided by schools. Attitudes towards breaks varied across primary and secondary phases, and the withholding of breaks was used by schools to address poor pupil behaviour and disengagement. Schools continued to have concerns about the management of behaviour during breaktimes, even when breaks had already been shortened. It is suggested that staff undervalue the potential contribution that breaktimes afford the development and wellbeing of children and young people in school.     

课间游戏--有限的时间收获无限的快乐

大班孩子即将步入小学,小学的教学模式与幼儿园的教学模式有着很大的区别,也会给孩子带来更大的压力。因而如何更好地释放孩子的压力、调节疲劳,这就需要孩子在课间活动中的调节。本文从课间游戏的准备、课间游戏的内容、课间游戏后的交流、课间游戏的规则制定四个策略入手,让大班幼儿快乐地安排自己的课间休息时间,在游戏中放松身体、相互协作、增进感情,也为步入小学做好准备。     

广州市小学落实“每天一小时校园体育活动”的现状调查与分析

采用文献研究、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,对广州市小学进行问卷调查,分析得出落实＂每天一小时校园体育活动＂的现状,发现了存在的问题,并提出建议,为进一步深化改革我市学校体育工作,落实＂中小学生每天一小时校园体育活动＂,提供可借鉴的经验。     

创建“体德兼修,健康成长”阳光体育大课间活动模式研究

本文是克拉玛依第七中学（以下简称克七中）,结合学校＂真本＂文化,创新性地构建＂体德兼修,健康成长＂阳光体育大课间模式以下简称模式的研究。这种创新性模式,建立在学校实情基础之上,体现学校特色,实现模块化管理,能够高效、安全运行。可以为今后阳光体育大课间活动的开展提供思路和借鉴。     

大课间体育活动资源开发与实证研究——以岳阳市中学生大课间体育活动为例

运用文献资料、问卷调查、实验研究等方法针对现在学生的身体特点对岳阳市4所中学初二学生特编制了大课间体育活动内容并实施。结果表明:大课间体育活动锻炼能更好的对中学生身心健康提供帮助;大课间体育活动锻炼能更好的提高学生体育锻炼的兴趣;大课间体育活动锻炼能更好的传承民族传统文化,丰富学生校园文化生活。建议:建立学生健康档案,及时了解学生健康情况;挖掘大课间体育活动锻炼资源,加强对大课间体育活动锻炼的宣传和了解;组织有权威性、有社会影响力的校内比赛甚至校际比赛,用这种荣誉感去促进学生参与体育运动;向全国中小学"阳光大课间操"进行推广,同时需要各学校的管理部门能加以重视,积极的投入与配合实施。     

Where policy meets the pavement: Stages of public involvement in the prevention of school violence

Based on qualitative research on school and city violence, this article examines three forms of partnerships between community organizations and schools, including youth interventions by social services; community activism; and school liaisons with the police. The article examines how violence-prevention strategies are conceived within a context that includes the formation of policy directed at communities, youths, and schools; social science theories of delinquency; public rhetoric about youth and families; and efforts on the part of community residents, city departments, and social services. The underlying theory-base behind the research can be associated with cultural studies, since it combines cultural and structural interpretations of the topic and analyzes policies according to their processes, in light of their constructions, and in connection with the theories that guide them. It becomes obvious by the end of the article that community-based violence-prevention organizations collaborating with schools are sometimes blocked from doing good work by poor funding, power struggles, and a deficit model of youth. While the partnerships can, at times, help to initiate positive involvement of disenfranchised people, they can also become instruments of city power structures. For their positive and productive work to come out, the interagency and school collaborations must solve the problems that are discussed in the article.     

Changes in the school and non-school sedentary time in youth: The UP&DOWN longitudinal study

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were (i) to examine the sedentary time (ST) during different time periods [i.e., weekend, out-of-school weekdays hours, school hours, recess, physical education classes (PEC)] in children and adolescents; (ii) to identify 2-year longitudinal changes in the ST for these periods; and (iii) to examine if ST at baseline is associated with ST 2 years later. This was a 2-year follow-up study with 826 (51.9% boys) children and 678 (50.7% boys) adolescents. Accelerometers were used to assess ST. Students spent more than 60% of their weekend, out-of-school hours and school hours in ST. During these periods, girls and adolescents were more sedentary than boys and children, respectively (p < 0.05). Over 2-year follow-up, ST increased during the weekend, out-of-school hours, school hours and recess in all subgroups studied (p < 0.001). ST during PEC declined 2% per year in children (p < 0.001) but it increased in adolescents (p < 0.05). ST during the periods analysed at baseline was lowly associated with ST during these periods 2 years later (intraclass correlations from <0.001 to 0.364). Interventions in these settings may be adequate if the intention is to avoid ST increase in students.     

Draf型鼻内额窦引流术处置额隐窝病变

目的：探讨应用Draf型鼻内额窦引流术处置额隐窝病变的可行性。方法：对12例（16侧）额隐窝病变患者应用Draf型鼻内额窦引流术。结果：所有患者均能术中完全开放额窦,随访6个月以上,术后均无原发疾病复发,仅1例出现额隐窝闭锁。结论：Draf型鼻内额窦引流术能安全有效开放额窦。     

体育大课间活动与校园体育特色

构建校园体育特色是校园体育工作者工作内容的重要组成部分,是学校体育工作的指导方向,也是提升学生身心全面发展的有效途径。在体育课堂教学顺利开展的前提下,推动课外活动、体育竞技的有效实施。改革创新体育课堂教学,提高教学质量,有条不紊地进行＂快乐体育＂改革与探索。本文通过分析我国体育大课间活动与校园体育特色现状,探讨针对其中存在的问题提出改善措施。     

Physical Education's Role in Public Health: Responses

In this study, we used the trans-contextual model of motivation (TCM) to examine the effect of Sport Education (SE) on students' participation in a voluntary lunch recess sport club. A total of 192 participants (ages 9-14 years) completed measures of the TCM constructs before and after a 12-week SE intervention period. Participants had the opportunity to participate in weekly, voluntary lunch recess sport club sessions during the intervention period. SE elicited a moderate increase in autonomous motives in physical education. The TCM accounted for a significant proportion of the explained variance in lunch recess sport club intention and participation. Autonomy-supportive curricular models, such as SE, may have the potential to facilitate transfer of motivation and participation in physical activity from a physical education to an extracurricular context.