Becoming critical: the failure to connect

This article is a retrospective critique of Becoming Critical by Carr & Kemmis. Into it are woven responses to other retrospective reviews of the book by Susan Groundwater–Smith, Susan Noffke, and Carr & Kemmis themselves. The basic argument is that Becoming Critical was overdependent on the work of Jurgen Habermas and was therefore vulnerable to the same critique. The author argues that just as Habermas did not resolve the dualism between theory and practice, nor did Becoming Critical. Like the work of Habermas, its theory of rationality is very weak in creating a link between ideology critique and the organisation of strategic action. This explains why, in spite of its attractiveness to many education academics, it was unable to support critical action research at an operational level. The article refutes suggestions that the problem with the book was that times have changed. It argues that Becoming Critical anticipated these changes, but was conceptually unable to address them. This was largely because it differentiated a hierarchy of distinct types of action research grounded in quasi–transcendental categories of knowledge constitutive interests. In the course of the critique of Becoming Critical the author proposes a more philosophically pragmatic account of action research that integrates the ‘critical’ as an intrinsic dimension of practical discourse.     

Older people in accident and emergency: the use of action research to explore the interface between services in an acute hospital

This article reports on an ongoing action research study into the organisation of care for older people in a United Kingdom accident and emergency (A&E) department. The study is located at the interface between A&E and the in-patient services for elderly people (SEP) wards, and aims to work between these two services to seek improvements for change to the care of older people in A&E. Preliminary data are used in the article to explore three claims about the value of action research: action research enables an understanding of the issues from the perspectives of the different participants; action research enables work to take place that explicitly takes account of the different perspectives; and action research helps to explain the reasons for resistance to change. The analysis is used to highlight the value that action research may have in bridging gaps between services in an acute hospital.