The fourth dimension: A motoric perspective on the anxiety–performance relationship

This article focuses on raising concern that anxiety–performance relationship theory has insufficiently catered for motoric issues during, primarily, closed and self-paced skill execution (e.g., long jump and javelin throw). Following a review of current theory, we address the under-consideration of motoric issues by extending the three-dimensional model put forward by Cheng, Hardy, and Markland (2009) (‘Toward a three-dimensional conceptualization of performance anxiety: Rationale and initial measurement development, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 271–278). This fourth dimension, termed skill establishment, comprises the level and consistency of movement automaticity together with a performer's confidence in this specific process, as providing a degree of robustness against negative anxiety effects. To exemplify this motoric influence, we then offer insight regarding current theories’ misrepresentation that a self-focus of attention toward an already well-learned skill always leads to a negative performance effect. In doing so, we draw upon applied literature to distinguish between positive and negative self-foci and suggest that on what and how a performer directs their attention is crucial to the interaction with skill establishment and, therefore, performance. Finally, implications for skill acquisition research are provided. Accordingly, we suggest a positive potential flow from applied/translational to fundamental/theory-generating research in sport which can serve to freshen and usefully redirect investigation into this long-considered but still insufficiently understood concept.     

人生哲学中的希望

希望孕育着创造动机,并通过信心转化为创造力,它为希望的伦理价值提供了内在根据,在人的精神生命结构中,希望作为情感因素是一种感情上的慰藉,同时又交融着信念,信仰和理想,而向理想演进的希望内含有人生哲学,希望作为不幸的、第二灵魂”,克服了生命的否定走向,体现为一种行善扶生的力量,人们对待希望的态度,也就成了人生哲学问题。     

区间时变细胞神经网络周期解的鲁棒指数稳定性

本文研究一类区间时变扰动神经网络系统周期解的鲁棒指数稳定性.获得了一系列关于鲁棒指数稳定性的判据.     

论《红字》与《荆棘鸟》中荒野的意象

19世纪纳撒尼尔.霍桑的名著《红字》与20世纪考琳.麦卡洛的畅销小说《荆棘鸟》描写的都是"知其不可为而为之"的爱情,那欲爱而不得的爱情都是在荒野中产生的。荒野不仅是罪恶与危险的渊薮,也是爱欲的伊甸园,那里绽开着文明之花。受到宗教禁锢的主人公海丝特和梅吉在荒野中思索而奋起反抗,并由她们的女儿实现荒野中的梦想。她们的女儿珠儿和朱丝婷是两位作家在现实世界的荒野中的希望之光。     

Hope into action: How clusters of hope relate to success‐oriented behavior in school

Several studies have found that higher hope is associated with higher academic achievement. Although scholars have asserted that this association is the result of higher hope leading to an increased likelihood that students will engage success‐oriented behaviors (e.g., participating in class, completing homework assignments), very little empirical research has been done to test this assertion. In this study, cluster analyses yielded three clusters of hope (high, average, and low) in a high school sample (N = 447) and a college sample (N = 375). Differences among hope clusters were examined across three domains of indicators—engagement, disengagement, and motivational variables—associated with success‐oriented behavior in school. Results from both samples indicated that students with higher levels of hope reported higher engagement, higher motivation, and lower disengagement, with medium to large effect sizes. These results have implications for both hope research and scaling psychosocial interventions.     

需求不确定情况下沿海燃料油供应鲁棒优化

针对沿海地区燃料油供应问题,制定燃料油配送方案,设计配送航线和配送量使运输成本和库存成本最小,同时考虑需求不确定的情况,使需求发生一定变动时原方案依旧可行。与不考虑需求不确定的供应方案相比,使用鲁棒优化方法得到的结果可靠性更强,发生缺货的可能更小。由于需求不确定情况下存在的二次约束严重影响模型的求解效率,提出一种两阶段求解方法来分解问题,使求解效率得到明显提高。对于存在需求不确定情况的供应系统,决策者使用该鲁棒优化模型时,可以根据风险偏好并通过调整参数最大限度地提高供应方案的可靠性。     

两个历史时代及其文化观念的审美对比

长篇小说《红魂灵》的价值在于展开了两个历史时代不同文化观念的对比。"父亲"肖山集一颗红心和保守思想于一身的矛盾性格、"我"和"父亲"事业观与爱情观的矛盾及其成败得失,是不同文化观念对比的主要内容;人民群众的愿望和首创精神、四位女性人物的命运悲欢,则是作者确立主体立场的价值基点。     

Cutting your losses: Could best-practice pedagogy involve acknowledging that even robust hope may be vain?

A recent special issue of Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education (Vol. 35, Issue 3, 2007) championed ‘robust hope’ as fundamental to achieving educational utopias, and yet key features of hope were largely overlooked. Although hope feels good and has utility in some circumstances, in other situations different motivations – positive (e.g. curiosity) or negative (e.g. frustration) – may offer greater pedagogical value. Given its intrinsic uncertainty, robust hope is often indistinguishable from vain hope (before the fact). Hence, robust hope may lead to: (1) failure; (2) an exacerbation of existing judgement biases; and (3) emotional reasoning. Given these attendant risks, best-practice principles require that the net pedagogical impact of robust hope be assessed. Occasionally, cutting one's losses is rational – not cynical or apathetic, as suggested by earlier contributors. Positioning robust hope as ‘realistic risk taking’ does not resolve the aforementioned problems. In the end, a combination of motivations (possibly, although not necessarily, including hope) will likely provide the best pedagogical outcomes.     

运量变化下的干散货海河集散优化

为降低海河集散运输的总运输成本,根据对三程运输、江海直达运输和减载运输特点的评价,研究干散货海河集散的优化问题.在成本最低基础上,考虑运量变化对干散货海河集散的影响.从大型制造企业和船运公司的角度构建一个运量变化的干散货海河集散模型.以铁矿石内河运输为例,将鲁棒优化模型与普通模型进行对比.结果表明,虽然鲁棒优化模型使得成本小幅度提高,但可以有效地控制运量变化对运输网络的影响,使得优化后的模型能够处理有一定变化幅度的运量.     

学习动机理论在计算机教学中的运用

大学生学习动机的有效成份主要是认知内驱力和自我提高内驱力。在计算机在教学过程中 ,充分激发学生的认识内驱力和自我提高内驱力 ,可以提高教学效果