美国大学生生涯发展与就业指导理论评述

生涯发展与就业指导是心理学研究的一个重要方面,也是高校学生培养的一项重要工作.在美国,生涯发展与就业指导理论经历了从人职匹配的职业指导阶段到关注全人发展和终生发展的生涯指导阶段,产生了如类型学、发展性、社会学习以及认知信息加工等理论.本文较为详细地介绍了这几种应用较为普遍的理论,旨在促进针对我国大学生生涯发展理论的研究.     

Networked learning for agricultural extension: a framework for analysis and two cases

Purpose: This paper presents economic and pedagogical motivations for adopting information and communications technology (ICT)-mediated learning networks in agricultural education and extension. It proposes a framework for networked learning in agricultural extension and contributes a theoretical and case-based rationale for adopting the networked learning paradigm.

Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature highlights the economic and pedagogical need for adopting a networked learning approach. Two examples are described to instantiate the language for learning networks: a small community of farmers in India and large Twitter community of Australian farmers.

Findings: This paper reviews evidence that successful networked learning interventions are already occurring within agricultural extension. It provides a framework for describing these interventions and for helping future designers of learning networks in agricultural extension.

Practical implication: Facilitation of learning networks can serve to achieve efficient agricultural extension that connects farmers across distances for constructivist learning. To realize these benefits, designers of learning networks need to consider set design, social design and epistemic design.

Theoretical implication: This paper contributes a theoretical framework for designing, implementing and analysing learning networks in agriculture. It does this by integrating existing ideas from networked learning and applying them to the agricultural context through examples.

Originality/value: This paper contributes an understanding of the value of networked learning for extension in terms of economic and pedagogical benefits. It provides a language for talking about learning networks that is useful for future researchers and for practitioners.