New insights into brazilwood lake pigments manufacture through the use of historically accurate reconstructions

A multi-analytical approach for the study of brazilwood and its lake pigments was carried out based on historically accurate reconstructions. Recipes for brazilwood lakes from the fifteenth century technical text Livro de como se fazem as cores and the Winsor & Newton nineteenth century colourman's archive were reproduced and compared. Both primary sources allowed for the successful preparation of brazilwood lake pigments with colours that vary from light pink to dark red. The main steps and ingredients for the manufacture of these pigments were common in both sources, particularly the addition of Al³⁺ in the form of alum, and calcium carbonate (chalk). Reconstructions revealed that the latter acts as a pH buffer and filler, controlling the pH at which the lake pigment precipitates. The main difference between the two sources is that the nineteenth century recipes give the quantities for all ingredients, the precise temperatures and time, and achieved higher relative pigment yields (75% versus 45%). Full chemical characterisation of the reconstructions provided detailed information on the individual steps in the pigment manufacture and revealed that the presence of calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum) in the final pigment was a result of its formation in situ. Infrared, reflectance, and fluorescence spectroscopy proved to be essential and complementary techniques: while infrared was used to characterise additives and binders, reflectance and fluorescence data were fundamental for identifying the chromophore. The pigments and paints produced can now be used as standards for the identification and investigation of brazilwood lake pigments found in artworks.     

Technical analysis of a Central Asian wall painting detached from a Buddhist cave temple on the northern Silk Road

A great number of Central Asian wall paintings, archeological materials, architectural fragments, and textiles, as well as painting fragments on silk and paper, make up the so called Turfan Collection at the Asian Art Museum in Berlin. The largest part of the collection comes from the Kucha region, a very important cultural center in the third to ninth centuries. Between 1902 and 1914, four German expeditions traveled along the northern Silk Road. During these expeditions, wall paintings were detached from their original settings in Buddhist cave complexes. This paper reports a technical study of a wall painting, existing in eight fragments, from the Buddhist cave no. 40 (Ritterhöhle). Its original painted surface is soot blackened and largely illegible. Grünwedel, leader of the first and third expeditions, described the almost complete destruction of the rediscovered temple complex and evidence of fire damage. The aim of this case study is to identify the materials used for the wall paintings. Furthermore, soot deposits as well as materials from conservation interventions were of interest. Non-invasive analyses were preferred but a limited number of samples were taken to provide more precise information on the painting technique. By employing optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, a layer sequence of earthen render, a ground layer made of gypsum, and a paint layer containing a variety of inorganic pigments were identified.     

Active recovery of the finger flexors enhances intermittent handgrip performance in rock climbers

This study aimed to (1) evaluate the effect of hand shaking during recovery phases of intermittent testing on the time–force characteristics of performance and muscle oxygenation, and (2) assess inter-individual variability in the time to achieve the target force during intermittent testing in rock climbers. Twenty-two participants undertook three finger flexor endurance tests at 60% of their maximal voluntary contraction until failure. Performances of a sustained contraction and two intermittent contractions, each with different recovery strategies, were analysed by time–force parameters and near-infrared spectroscopy. Recovery with shaking of the forearm beside the body led to a significantly greater intermittent test time (↑ 22%, P?P?P?相似文献   

紫外线的应用、预报及其预防

随着现代科学技术的进步,紫外技术已得到广泛应用和发展,人类对紫外线的认识越来越全面,对紫外线的预报和预防越来越重视,紫外线与人们日常生活的关系也越来越紧密。然而,在《大学物理》、《光学》等教程中却很少涉及有关紫外线方面的内容,文章力图向大家介绍有关这方面的情况。     

太赫兹时域光谱技术

介绍了太赫兹时域光谱技术的优势,太赫兹时域光谱系统及太赫兹时域光谱技术的原理和应用.     

Case Report:Lance-Adams syndrome:a report of two cases

Chronic post-hypoxic myoclonus, also known as Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS), is a rare complication of successful cardiopulmanry resuscitation often accompanied by action myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia. It is seen in patients who have un-dergone a cardiorespiratory arrest, regained consciousness afterwards, and then developed myoclonus days or weeks after the event. Worldwide, 122 cases have been reported in the literature so far, including 1 case of Chinese. Here we report 2 Chinese LAS patients with detailed neuroimagings. Cranial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of patient 1, a 52-year-old woman, showed a mild hypoperfusion in her left temporal lobe, whereas patient 2, a 54-year-old woman, manifested a mild bilateral decrease of glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes and a mild to moderate decrease of the N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) peak in the bilateral hippocampi by cranial [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic (PET) scan and cranial magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), respectively. We also review the literature on the neuroimaging, pathogenesis, and treatment of LAS.     

温度对TiO2-膨润土紫外光降解十二烷基苯磺酸钠的影响

投加0.5‰的TiO2-膨润土光催化剂于浓度为20 mg/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)溶液中,在紫外光照射下,在温度分别为10、20、30℃下,反应2 h后的溶液中的SDBS分别降解了86.0%,89.5%和90.5%,反应6 h后降解率分别达98.0%,98.8%和99.3%,可见温度对TiO2-膨润土复合光催化剂降解水溶液中的SDBS的影响不明显。溶液的COD值受温度影响较大,温度越高,COD值降低越多,在10、20、30℃条件下,反应6 h后溶液的COD值分别降低50.6%,58.1%和97.0%。TiO2-膨润土光催化剂降解水溶液中SDBS的反应为一级反应,符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程。同样条件下,环境温度由10℃增加到30℃时光催化反应速率常数由0.0105增大到0.0137,增加了30%。     

实验教材中“荧光光谱法测定水杨酸”的讨论

为改进教材《荧光光谱法测定水杨酸》,寻找实验所需溶剂CHCl3的替代药品。通过实验,采用1%HAc-CHCl3、1%HAc-C2H5OH、1%HAc-H2O对荧光光谱法测定水杨酸的影响进行比较,并确定1%HAc-C2H5OH为其中最佳溶剂。     

氢原子光谱同位素谱线位移实验的参数优化

讨论了氢原子光谱实验中狭缝宽度、采集次数和负高压对氢原子光谱同位素位移谱线的影响,优化了氢原子光谱同位素位移实验的工作参数,获得了清晰的氢原子同位素位移光谱。通过该实验让学生掌握实验中多参数优化的方法,有利于加深学生对光谱理论的理解,有利于提高学生分析问题解决问题的能力。     

Measurement and analysis of soil nitrogen and organic matter content using near-infrared spectroscopy techniques

Near infrared reflectance （N1R） spectroscopy is as a rapid, convenient and simple nondestructive technique useful for quantifying several soil properties. This method was used to estimate nitrogen （N） and organic matter （OM） content in a soil of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou County. A total of 125 soil samples were taken from the field. Ninety-five samples spectra were used during the calibration and cross validation stage. Thirty samples spectra were used to predict N and OM concentration. NIR spectra of these samples were correlated using partial least square regression. The regression coefficients between measured and predicted values of N and OM was 0.92 and 0.93, and SEP （standard error of prediction） were 3.28 and 0.06, respectively, which showed that NIR method had potential to accurately predict these constituents in this soil. The results showed that NIR spectroscopy could be a good tool for precision farming application.