Opportunity knocks

Research on technological opportunity has typically focused on the impact of broad industry characteristics on R&D intensity of firms. This study complements such approaches by examining the impact of a multidimensional vector that measures technological opportunity on independent inventors’ decisions to patent and commercialize inventions. Using data from 559 inventions and controlling for demand, appropriability, and competitive conditions, we found two of four tested dimensions of technological opportunity - technical performance and technical uncertainty - to be significant and important determinants of the likelihood of commercialization. Technical feasibility appears important in affecting patenting but unimportant in affecting commercialization. Technical significance carries a negative, although insignificant, sign conditioning commercialization.     

奥运会商业化及北京奥运会商业化研究

奥运会商业化促进了奥林匹克运动在全世界的发展,但奥运会过度的商业行为干扰了正常的比赛,冲击了奥林匹克思想体系,使世界各个国家和地区之间体育发展的差距拉大。因此,北京奥运会商业开发,应明确政府和北京奥组委的职能;注重长期经济效益;有限商业开发,保护奥运会的利益;缩小奥运会建设规模,降低奥运会支出;打击隐形市场,维护赞助商利益;加强监督机制,防止腐败发生。     

Commercialization of disruptive innovations: Literature review and proposal for a process framework

The challenges of disruptive innovations have gained significant attention from both academics and practitioners, commercialization being one of the most critical phases. At the same time, however, it is the less studied area of disruptive innovation. Therefore, this article examined scholarly papers on the commercialization of disruptive innovations through a multidisciplinary systematic literature review. It resulted in the analysis of 64 high-quality peer-reviewed academic articles. The analysis highlighted the commercialization models and main constructs that are affecting the commercialization process: market orientation, market learning, user's involvement, market configuration, adoption networks and stakeholders, and innovation transference. The study evidences how commercialization has evolved from a later stage in innovation to influence even the early phases of innovation, characterized in turn by exploration, learning and ecosystem creation activities. Additionally, the analysis led to a proposition that established an integrated commercialization model for high uncertainty innovations. The model has three phases: 1) Concept/value proposition validation, 2) Business model validation & Market creation, and 3) Creating sales in the majority market. Lastly, the article contributes to a better understanding of commercialization processes in high uncertainty innovations, bridging also the academic-practitioner divide.     

高校电子竞技商业化探讨

从电子竞技的概念入手，分析目前高校电子竞技发展现状，探讨高校电子竞技商业化发展的需要，商业化给赞助商及高校电子竞技队伍带来的利益，促进高校电子竞技的发展。     

Teachers’ professional vulnerability and cultural tradition: A Chinese paradox

The paper explores the issue of teachers’ professional vulnerability using a range of messages from an online teachers’ community on the Chinese mainland. The study reveals how macro changes at policy level impact on teachers’ professional relationships and in turn their professional identities in teacher discussants’ perceptions. Furthermore, the paper argues that the Chinese cultural tradition somehow adds to teachers’ professional vulnerability. While the tradition used to give teachers authority, it imposes burdens on teachers and subjects them to close scrutiny, which consequently make them feel more vulnerable. The paper concludes with critical reflections on its methodology and findings, calling for further research into the issue.     

Evaluating the NASA small business innovation research program: preliminary evidence of a trade-off between commercialization and basic research

In 1982, the Small Business Innovation Development Act established the small business innovation research (SBIR) program. This program reserves a percentage of federal agencies’ extramural R&D budgets for research projects conducted by small businesses. When this Act was reauthorized in 1992, the selection criteria for funding dramatically increased the likelihood of funding for projects that promised to lead to commercial success. Using data from a survey of the SBIR program award recipients at NASA Langley Research Center, we address three questions about this change: (i) was there a shift to projects with more commercial potential? (ii) did these projects experience higher rates of commercial success? and (iii) was there a reduction in basic research accompanying the increased commercial success? Our analysis suggests, the answer to all three of these questions is ‘yes’.     

The heterogeneous effects of patent scope on licensing propensity

How does patent scope influence licensing propensity of inventions? Prior studies have often been confined to specific industries or settings, and their results have been mixed with studies showing a positive, a negative, or even no significant relationship. Also, while some have explored moderating factors that might influence the patent scope-licensing relationship, a systematic investigation of the heterogeneous effects of patent scope on licensing at the invention level has not been undertaken. This study combines a broad sample of publicly reported patent licensing agreements and a novel methodology that captures an exogenous variation in patent scope to re-investigate the relationship between patent scope and licensing and to explore key invention and inventor characteristics that could influence this relationship. The results show that narrowed patent scope leads to a substantial decline in licensing propensity of inventions and that the effect is stronger for high-quality, science-based, and novel inventions as well as for inventions generated by small inventors.     

Engaging the scholar: Three types of academic consulting and their impact on universities and industry

We present a conceptual framework of academic consulting and explore its impacts on universities and the benefits to innovating firms. We distinguish between three types of academic consulting: opportunity-driven, commercialization-driven and research-driven. Exploring the implications of these different types, first, we postulate that consulting has limited impact on biasing academic research towards more ‘applied’ themes. Secondly, while we expect research-driven consulting activities to be positively associated with research productivity, opportunity-driven consulting will have a negative impact. Thirdly, we differentiate between different functions of academic consulting for different types of firms.     

明清迎神赛会屡禁不止与商业化——以江南迎神赛会经济功能为中心的探讨

明清时期,迎神赛会屡禁不止的原因很多,经济原因却是不可或缺的因素之一。16世纪开始的商业化促进了迎神赛会经济功能的深化,主要表现为:迎神赛会的市场功能不断强化,就业功能被广泛认可。市场功能的强化保证了商人对赛会的持续捐助,稳定了赛会的资金来源;就业功能被部分士人认可,并最终得到乾隆帝的承认,促成了乾隆朝"宽禁"政策的出台。由此,迎神赛会屡禁不止的现象演变为朝廷弛禁赛会的局面,反映了朝廷对民间社会思想控制的削弱。     

蒙古族传统体育产业化探析

蒙古族传统体育产业化就是要使民族传统体育项目走向市场。蒙古族传统体育项目必须走综合创新产业化道路,才能获得新生。蒙古族传统体育产业化发展具有可行性。蒙古族传统体育产业化要发展竞赛表演业、体育旅游业、赛马产业等。