A study of results overlap and uniqueness among major Web search engines

The performance and capabilities of Web search engines is an important and significant area of research. Millions of people world wide use Web search engines very day. This paper reports the results of a major study examining the overlap among results retrieved by multiple Web search engines for a large set of more than 10,000 queries. Previous smaller studies have discussed a lack of overlap in results returned by Web search engines for the same queries. The goal of the current study was to conduct a large-scale study to measure the overlap of search results on the first result page (both non-sponsored and sponsored) across the four most popular Web search engines, at specific points in time using a large number of queries. The Web search engines included in the study were MSN Search, Google, Yahoo! and Ask Jeeves. Our study then compares these results with the first page results retrieved for the same queries by the metasearch engine Dogpile.com. Two sets of randomly selected user-entered queries, one set was 10,316 queries and the other 12,570 queries, from Infospace’s Dogpile.com search engine (the first set was from Dogpile, the second was from across the Infospace Network of search properties were submitted to the four single Web search engines). Findings show that the percent of total results unique to only one of the four Web search engines was 84.9%, shared by two of the three Web search engines was 11.4%, shared by three of the Web search engines was 2.6%, and shared by all four Web search engines was 1.1%. This small degree of overlap shows the significant difference in the way major Web search engines retrieve and rank results in response to given queries. Results point to the value of metasearch engines in Web retrieval to overcome the biases of individual search engines.     

论苹果公司的现代企业管理创新——基于企业文化、战略、组织结构的视角

企业的管理创新是以企业文化为宗旨、原则,以健康有序的组织结构为传播载体,并在科学合理的战略指导下实现的。本文分别从企业文化、战略制定、组织结构三个视角论述苹果公司的管理创新,具体包括:在塑造企业创新文化中坚持以人为本,通过建立股票期权制度来打造自己的精英人才文化;在制定新时期企业战略中,打破传统观念,积极开展同行业间、不同行业间的战略联盟;在构建企业组织结构中,坚持至繁归于至简的理念。     

Canine Visitors: The Influence of Therapy Dogs on Young Children's Learning and Well-Being in Classrooms and Hospitals

Trained therapy dogs are becoming an increasingly common sight in many educational and health care settings. This article, coauthored by a college professor, a Therapy Dogs International, Inc., Evaluator and local program director, and a registered nurse reviews the research on using registered therapy dogs as adjuncts in school programs and health care treatment plans for children ages 5–8. It addresses to the most commonly raised objections to allowing dogs in classrooms and patient rooms and offers practical guidelines for maximizing the positive outcomes of animal-assisted activities and therapy (AAA/T).     

Internationalisation,planetary citizenship and Higher Education Inc.

The internationalisation of higher education aims to produce ‘citizens that feel at home in the world’ but the process is driven by both economic and educational motivations. Today, the international community aspires to promote Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Education for Democratic Citizenship (EDC), together planetary citizenship, and with them emphases on personal and ethical responsibilities to the environment and future that contrast with current competitive individualism. Driven by rising numbers of international students, curricula are already shifting toward more global assessments of society and environment. However, progress is being impeded by management systems that take commerce as their model. While instructors strive to ensure that learners consider their responsibilities through ESD and EDC, their message is being contradicted by their context. Since learners learn from their total environment, not just in classrooms, changes are required. Granting greater attention to sustainability issues and the empowerment of learners and teachers would allow a better constructive alignment between educational and economic imperatives.     

仅有夫妻二人股东能否具备有限责任公司资格

随着公司制度的推行，各种公司纠纷案件迅速增加。当一个公司仅剩下夫妻股东时。该公司是否还具备法人资格?公司设立时能否由夫妻二人作为公司仅有的股东?这些问题我国公司法并未做明确的规定。笔拟就这些问题谈谈自己的看法。     

Local Databases:

No abstract available for this article.     

企业战略导向对创新活动的影响——来自苹果公司的案例分析

通过对苹果公司1997—2014年的纵向案例研究,揭示了企业不同的战略导向对组织创新氛围塑造、创新产出绩效等创新活动影响的内在规律。研究发现,市场导向注重短期绩效,而技术导向无法在短期内获得满意的产出,但是有助于企业保持长期的持续竞争优势;市场导向和技术导向保持适当比例的动态交互更有利于企业获取更高的企业创新绩效;组织创新氛围是企业战略导向和企业绩效之间的重要中介。     

以技术创新引领行业未来发展——耐克公司专利文献情报分析

旨在通过专利文献分析法了解耐克体育用品公司的技术发展动态,为我国相关企业未来技术发展提供一些参考。选取德温特专利索引库中耐克公司于1982—2012年间申请的国际专利文献作为研究对象,采用文献计量法和社会网络分析法作为分析工具。结果显示,耐克公司于2005年加快了专利申请速度,近3 a增长尤为迅速。北美、亚洲专利比例持续增加,德国、巴西等地区比例逐年下降。逐步形成运动鞋、高尔夫球杆、高尔夫用球、运动视觉能力测试系统等4个重要的研发团队。计算机处理技术和影音记录技术在专利中的重要性不断提升,与聚合物应用技术共同位于技术网络核心区域。结构合理、优质高效的团队建设是耐克公司创新发展的基石;从运动鞋企业向覆盖多领域的体育用品企业转变是耐克公司的发展趋势;吸收和转化计算机处理、影音记录等技术是耐克公司发展的新动力。面对这一现状,我国体育用品企业需提高专利保护意识,加快专利战略布局;构建结构合理、合作紧密的创新团队;抓住新兴技术发展机遇,不断吸收和借鉴外来技术实现技术升级和转型发展。     

Evolving an Integrated Electronic Journals Solution

Summary

This paper describes die OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.s electronic publishing program between its introduction in 1992 through the late summer of 1997, focusing on OCLC's ongoing efforts to integrate electronic journals with library acquisition, cataloging, archiving, and online reference systems. The paper begins by describing the OCLC Electronic Journals Online (EJO) service, emphasizing how that service evolved to meet the changing needs of institutional subscribers to electronic journals between 1992 and 1995. It then describes the Electronic Collections Online service, a Web-bascd service introduced in June of 1997 that provides access to, and archiving for, hundreds of journals from many publishers.