民主的路径:哥德尔不完全性定理的视界

一个不弱于初等数论的形式系统如果是一致的,则是不完全的。哥德尔不完全性定理明确揭示和证明自己把握“真”的能力限度。在这一点上,达尔似乎和哥德尔心心相通,拥有哈耶克式的知识论。达尔的多元主义民主通过多元因子的协同作用,使民主的影象越来越清晰。达尔对理性抱有深深的疑虑,因而不曾也不敢建构一个完美的形式系统以建构完美民主。民主从达尔开始具有了合理性。从乌托邦的纯粹民主步向了经验的协商民主。多元主义民主的合法性在博弈协商的过程中得以展现。     

Evaluating epistemic uncertainty under incomplete assessments

The thesis of this study is to propose an extended methodology for laboratory based Information Retrieval evaluation under incomplete relevance assessments. This new methodology aims to identify potential uncertainty during system comparison that may result from incompleteness. The adoption of this methodology is advantageous, because the detection of epistemic uncertainty – the amount of knowledge (or ignorance) we have about the estimate of a system’s performance – during the evaluation process can guide and direct researchers when evaluating new systems over existing and future test collections. Across a series of experiments we demonstrate how this methodology can lead towards a finer grained analysis of systems. In particular, we show through experimentation how the current practice in Information Retrieval evaluation of using a measurement depth larger than the pooling depth increases uncertainty during system comparison.     

农民工视角下劳动力市场的不完全性分析——以皖北地区为例

以皖北地区2000到2011年的数据为研究依据,对农民工就业能力、市场分割系数、户籍分割系数、行业分割系数以及农民农业纯收入做了分析。研究发现,皖北地区的农民工劳动力市场存在着不完全性,而这种不完全性是由城乡差别、户籍制度、产业结构等多个原因造成的。为解决市场的不完全性就必须调整产业结构,加大对农民工的教育和培训,提升他们的劳动素质,同时要引导他们通过正规和非正规等多途径就业,提高他们的劳动收入。     

演讲修辞叙事结构策略探析

叙事可作为一种修辞手段广泛运用于演讲等非叙事语篇,即修辞叙事。演讲修辞叙事的从属性和修辞性使其建构模式违背经典的叙事结构原则。演讲者在淡化背景和事件过程的同时,又有意凸显个人的态度评价等结构成分。此外,为了简化情节,演讲者充分利用典型事件以点代面的功能,并常用概括性表达方式、从属句、甚至名词短语等来叙事。     

在科学发展和编辑理论中残缺的潜在意义

残缺作为观念形态具有丰富的内涵。它的主要功能是在每次重大发现之后，留下来充作点燃再一次辉煌的星火。科学就是沿着发现、残缺、再发现的模式发展延续的。在编辑理论中，残缺应该有它自己的席位。     

On information retrieval metrics designed for evaluation with incomplete relevance assessments

Modern information retrieval (IR) test collections have grown in size, but the available manpower for relevance assessments has more or less remained constant. Hence, how to reliably evaluate and compare IR systems using incomplete relevance data, where many documents exist that were never examined by the relevance assessors, is receiving a lot of attention. This article compares the robustness of IR metrics to incomplete relevance assessments, using four different sets of graded-relevance test collections with submitted runs—the TREC 2003 and 2004 robust track data and the NTCIR-6 Japanese and Chinese IR data from the crosslingual task. Following previous work, we artificially reduce the original relevance data to simulate IR evaluation environments with extremely incomplete relevance data. We then investigate the effect of this reduction on discriminative power, which we define as the proportion of system pairs with a statistically significant difference for a given probability of Type I Error, and on Kendall’s rank correlation, which reflects the overall resemblance of two system rankings according to two different metrics or two different relevance data sets. According to these experiments, Q′, nDCG′ and AP′ proposed by Sakai are superior to bpref proposed by Buckley and Voorhees and to Rank-Biased Precision proposed by Moffat and Zobel. We also point out some weaknesses of bpref and Rank-Biased Precision by examining their formal definitions.