The evolution of innovation capability in multinational enterprise subsidiaries: Dual network embeddedness and the divergence of subsidiary specialisation in Taiwan

This paper examines how innovation-related capabilities for production, design and marketing develop at the subsidiary level within multinational enterprises (MNEs). We focus on how subsidiary autonomy and changing opportunities to access external (host country) sources of capability contribute to the accumulation of specialist capabilities in five Taiwan-based MNE subsidiaries in the semiconductor industry. Longitudinal analysis shows how the accumulation process is subject to discontinuities, as functional divisions are (re)opened and closed during the lifetime of the subsidiary. A composite set of innovation output measures also shows significant variations in within-function levels of capability across our sample. We conclude that subsidiary specialisation and unique subsidiary-specific advantages have evolved in a way that is strongly influenced by the above factors.     

论原型批评与主题学研究之关系

世界文学中的原型是可数的,一个原型可以不断地衍生出无数个主题。原型与主题之间是一种渊源与支流的关系。主题学研究同一主题在不同时代和地区的演变,也研究主题在不同文学体系中的表现。主题学的研究必须先探索原型,寻求到同一主题演变的渊源关系。探究原型的根源,进行宏观研究分析,将会为主题学的研究开辟出一个崭新的天地,有利于促进比较文学的研究与发展,推进文学的发展与繁荣。     

New Issues,New Developments and New Challenges for Negotiating the International Rights Contract

A guide to basic contractual provisions and current publishing trends for consideration in negotiating a concise, successful International Rights Contract, which includes: assessing the rights available for sale and ways in which to successfully exploit and maintain those rights.     

浅谈高校固定资产核算中存在的问题及对策

长期以来,固定资产管理不严、利用率不高、重复购置一直是高校固定资产管理中亟待解决的问题。本文分析了现行制度关于固定资产核算存在的问题,并就改进固定资产核算方法提出建议。     

Competence-creating overlaps and subsidiary technological evolution in the multinational corporation

This paper explores overlapping competence-creating activities within the boundaries of the multinational corporation by investigating how foreign greenfield subsidiaries’ technological evolution is affected by the addition of an acquired unit in the same location. Drawing upon the complete U.S. patenting activity by subsidiaries of 21 Swedish multinationals over the 1893-1990 period, we use repeated event history analysis to test a set of hypotheses concerned with the effect of this competence-creating overlap. Findings include an initial retrogressive effect on greenfield subsidiaries’ technological evolution as a result of competence-creating overlaps, which, over time diminishes to become positive after more than a decade of overlap exposure. Thus, we add to the theory of subsidiary evolution by expanding the view of the archetypal subsidiary that has so far been constrained to evolve without operational overlaps.     

90年代国际健将级十项全能选手运动成绩的组合特点

运用文献资料、访问、数理统计、逻辑归纳等研究方法,对９０ 年代国际健将级十项全能选手运动成绩的组合问题进行了研究,揭示其运动成绩结构中各子项成绩的组合特点、各子项成绩间相关特点和各子项与总成绩间的关联特点。结果显示：９０ 年代国际健将级十项全能选手的速度性短冲和跳跃子项成绩明显较高,且与总成绩间高度相关,速度性短冲子项间呈显著性相关。指出在高水平运动员训练中尤其要重视４００ｍ 、１００ｍ 、跳远和１１０ｍ 栏项目的训练安排等。     

高师英教基础教育主辅修制培养模式思考

面向高师英教专业学生就业形势、小学教师岗位设置以及小学全科教师需求,提出英教专业基础教育主辅修制培养模式,以提高小学教师的综合素质,满足高师培养复合型人才的要求。     

中学作文教学本质浅论

中学作文教学的内在本质应该是把文章写作的基本知识传授给学生,教他们学会常见基本文体的写作。因此,真正科学的教学,就应该是以教学生学会基本文体里各种常见子文体的写作,把文章写作的其它知识穿插在其中来展开。     

Superstar inventors—Towards a people-centric perspective on the geography of technological renewal in the multinational corporation

This paper develops a people-centric perspective on the geographical dispersion of technological renewal in the multinational corporation (MNC). We contend that a large proportion of all foreign technological advancements can be attributed to a handful of individual inventors, suggesting a blockbuster effect of subsidiary technological development. This suggests that analyses carried out at the subsidiary or firm level disguise significant yet largely unexplored variation in the technological contributions made by individual members of these foreign units. To support this proposition, the paper draws upon an original data set that comprises all of the advanced foreign subsidiaries of 21 Swedish MNCs between 1893 and 2008, and follows their patenting activity in order to document the distribution of inventive activity, both across and within individual subsidiaries. The findings at the subsidiary level show that the distribution of technological activity and contribution to the overall multinational group is significantly skewed; the paper then empirically explores the assumption that a similar distribution also applies at the level of individual inventors. The results point to a pattern whereby most inventors make only occasional and limited technological contributions and, instead, more significant numbers of new technological discoveries are attributable to a select group of exceptionally inventive individuals. In the light of the results, we suggest the fruitfulness of applying a people-centric perspective on the sources of sustained competitive advantage of the MNC, the management of geographically dispersed capabilities in the multinational network, and the geographical sources of technological renewal in the MNC.     

Out-of-sync in managerial attention: Temporal and repertory mismatches between the headquarters and subsidiary

We advance the attention-based view by presenting empirical evidence that the attention of headquarters and subsidiary managers in a multi-business organization is, at times, out of sync. Based on empirical material that allows us to differentiate between what is attended to and what is ignored by management, we analyze the focus of managerial attention, environmental and subsidiary stimuli, and actions taken in the decision-making process over 15 years, during a period of strategic transformation. We suggest that attentional mismatches occur not only between strategic issues but also between what are considered relevant responses or actions to be taken at any particular time. We analyze the origins of the attentional mismatches and explore ways to avoid such nonalignment in strategic decision making.