人工诱变在植物病原真菌研究中的应用

分别介绍了物理诱变、化学诱变和插入突变在病原真菌遗传变异规律和致病机理研究中的应用.     

新发和烈性传染病的防控与生物安全

近几十年来,SARS冠状病毒、埃博拉病毒、高致病性禽流感H7N9等新发和烈性传染病接连出现,严重影响人类健康。新发和烈性传染病病原由于没有有效的疫苗和药物,具有传染性强、传播速度快、传播范围广等特点,现代生物学技术的发展使得这些病原有可能作为生物武器,威胁我国生物安全。文章分析国内外新发和烈性传染病流行现状,阐述新发和烈性传染病与生物安全的关系以及可能带来的生物恐怖威胁,探讨新发和烈性传染病防控研究的前沿技术,提出了我国新发和烈性传染病防控中存在的问题,同时针对武汉国家生物安全实验室的落成对新发和烈性传染病的防控和生物安全的防护进行了展望。     

社区获得性肺炎的调查研究

目的:通过调查某大型医院社区获得性肺炎的临床情况及病原学分布情况,让学生更好地了解病原菌对人体的危害,明确合理使用抗生素的重要性。方法:跟踪调查某大型医院86例社区获得性肺炎患者,留取其呼吸道标本进行细菌培养,检测非典型病原体。结果:患者中86例患者病原学检测阳性52例,其中细菌阳性34例,非典型病原体15例,细菌和非典型病原体混合感染3例,嗜血杆菌属是社区获得性肺炎的主要致病菌之一。结论:经验治疗宜选用对常见细菌和非典型病原体有效的药物,同时抗生素要防止滥用。     

Fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma: from barcodes to biodiversity

Hypocrea/Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne or wood-decaying fungi containing members important to mankind as producers of industrial enzymes and biocontrol agents against plant pathogens, but also as opportunistic pathogens of immuno-compromised humans and animals, while others can cause damage to cultivated mushroom. With the recent advent of a reliable, BarCode-aided identification system for all known taxa of Trichoderma and Hypocrea, it became now possible to study some of the biological fundamentals of the diversity in this fungal genus in more detail. In this article, we will therefore review recent progress in (1) the understanding of the geographic distribution of individual taxa; (2) mechanisms of speciation leading to development of mushroom diseases and facultative human mycoses; and (3) the possible correlation of specific traits of secondary metabolism and molecular phylogeny.     

放线菌在植物病害生物防治中的应用

对用于植物病害生物防治的放线菌的种类、应用方式及作用机理、作用于靶标植物病原菌的类群作了简要综述，分析了利用放线菌进行植物病害生物防治方面存在的问题并提出了解决途径，最后展望了植物病害生物防治中应用放线菌的前景。     

冰冻圈微生物演变与生物安全

冰冻圈独特而极端的生态环境蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源,保存了关于古微生物多样性和进化历史的珍贵记录。气候变化和人类活动正在对全球生态系统造成显著影响,冰冻圈加速消融缩减使原本冻存其中的微生物被“解封”,一些微生物适应新的环境条件从而复苏存活,随之构成对生态环境和人类健康的未知威胁。为此,亟待联合多学科研究力量,调查研究冰冻圈微生物资源,解析其中病原微生物的致病和传播机制,充分评估休眠微生物复苏释放带来的生物安全风险。     

HIV性途径传播高危人群STD病原体感染情况研究

目的：了解HIV性途径感染女性高危人群STD病原体的感染情况,为更好地实施预防治疗及干预活动提供理论基础。方法：采用真菌培养、淋球菌（NG）培养、支原体培养及提取HPV的DNA进行检测。对120例HIV高危人群及73例女性健康体检者泌尿生殖道STD的4种病原体进行检查。结果：HIV高危人群真菌阳性率35．1％,支原体的阳性率74．6％,HPV阳性率为35％。健康体检者真菌阳性率为22．5％,支原体的阳性率52．1％,HPV阳性率为13.3％。两组人群均未分离到淋球菌。结论：除淋球菌外HIV高危人群STD阳性率均高于健康人群,经Х^2检验,支原体及HPV差异有统计学意义。     

肉桂醛及其衍生物对四种病原菌的抑菌效果

测定了肉桂醛及其衍生物对4种致病菌（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、炭疽杆菌）的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）.结果表明：肉桂醛、α-溴代肉桂醛、肉桂酸对4种致病菌都有明显的抑菌效果,肉桂醇仅对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑菌效果.4种化合物中抑菌效果最好的是肉桂酸,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、炭疽杆菌的抑菌浓度分别为0.4、0.4、0.6、0.4 mmol/L.     

土壤微生物与作物土传病害控制

随着农业现代化水平的提高,以高投入与高产出、种植品种单一、复种指数高和大量施肥施药等为特点的集约化种植已成为我国重要的农业生产模式。由于对作物土传病原微生物生长繁殖规律和传播扩散途径的认识不足,随着集约化种植不断推广与发展,作物土传病害在我国已成蔓延趋势,对我国农业生产的可持续发展、农产品和生态环境安全提出了严峻的挑战。为了有效遏制作物土传病害蔓延势头,实现到2020年我国农药使用量零增长的目标,文章建议:开展土传病原微生物普查,测土施"药",深入研究作物土传病原微生物,大力普及科学种植知识。     

Antimicrobial activity ofTerminalia bellerica

The antimicrobial activity of crude and methanol extract ofTerminalia bellerica dry fruit was tested by disc diffusion method, against 9 human microbial pathogens. Crude aqueous extract of dry fruit at 4 mg concentration showed zone of inhibition ranging from 15.5–28.0 mm.S. aureus was found to be highly susceptible forming highest zone of inhibition, suggesting thatT. bellerica was strongly inhibitory towards this organism. These pathogens were highly sensitive to the methanol extract forming 14.0 to 30.0 mm zone of inhibition suggesting that the methanol extract ofT. bellerica was more effective than crude extract against most of the microbes tested exceptE. coli (enteropathogen) andP. aeruginosa. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of crude and methanol extracts were determined by broth dilution technique which ranged from 300 to >2400 μg/ml and 250 μg to >2000 μg/ml respectively, indicating thatT. bellerica was highly effective againstS. aureus with lower MIC values. There were some biochemical alterations induced byT. bellerica. These results indicate thatT. bellerica dry fruit possesses potential broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.