Simultaneous changes in seed size,oil content and protein content driven by selection of SWEET homologues during soybean domestication

Soybean accounts for more than half of the global production of oilseed and more than a quarter of the protein used globally for human food and animal feed. Soybean domestication involved parallel increases in seed size and oil content, and a concomitant decrease in protein content. However, science has not yet discovered whether these effects were due to selective pressure on a single gene or multiple genes. Here, re-sequencing data from >800 genotypes revealed a strong selection during soybean domestication on GmSWEET10a. The selection of GmSWEET10a conferred simultaneous increases in soybean-seed size and oil content as well as a reduction in the protein content. The result was validated using both near-isogenic lines carrying substitution of haplotype chromosomal segments and transgenic soybeans. Moreover, GmSWEET10b was found to be functionally redundant with its homologue GmSWEET10a and to be undergoing selection in current breeding, leading the the elite allele GmSWEET10b, a potential target for present-day soybean breeding. Both GmSWEET10a and GmSWEET10b were shown to transport sucrose and hexose, contributing to sugar allocation from seed coat to embryo, which consequently determines oil and protein contents and seed size in soybean. We conclude that past selection of optimal GmSWEET10a alleles drove the initial domestication of multiple soybean-seed traits and that targeted selection of the elite allele GmSWEET10b may further improve the yield and seed quality of modern soybean cultivars.     

论影视翻译中的文化差异处理

语言和文化是紧密相关的，各民族和国家之间存在着的文化差异必然反映在语言中。这种体现在语言中的文化差异给翻译造成了极大的障碍，因而一直为译者所关注。对于文化差异的处理，在翻译界一直有“归化”和“异化”之争。影视翻译作为文学翻译的一个分支，既与一般文学翻译有共同之处，又有着自身的特性和原则。本文结合影视节目的特点，提出了影视翻译处理文化差异时应遵循的三大原则及相应的翻译手段，并以大量的实例予以说明。     

从后殖民视角看文化失衡对翻译的影响

传统的翻译研究把翻译活动假想成一个在真空中进行的活动,但翻译作为一种文化交流的形式,不可避免地要受到意识形态、历史、政治、经济等外部因素的影响。尤其是处于不同地位的文化交流,其表现就更为明显。全文从后殖民的角度来探讨文化失衡对翻译流量、选材及翻译策略的影响。     

翻译中的“求同”与“存异”

翻译中要真正做到文化翻译的一一对应是不可能的。翻译中"求同"的原则适合以目的语文化为归宿,"存异"的原则适合以源语文化为归宿。翻译目的不同,翻译策略的选择是不同的。"求同"采用"归化"的翻译策略,"存异"采用"异化"的翻译策略,翻译策略的选择要根据文本的性质来定。关注意义而对形式要求不高的庄严性、科普性文体采用归化的策略,保持原文的真实性和原有风格采用异化的策略。但归化和异化两者不是互相对立,而是相辅相成、互为补充的。     

Interstrategies in Translation

The paper holds the view that the philosophical concept of Intersubjecttvity should be an important gniding principle for translation studies. According to intersubjective theory, the paper studies the two strategies of domestication and foreignization in translation and points out that neither of the two strategies should be adhered to rigidly and the practice of either should partly depend on the constrained factors in translation and the relationship between them is one of unity of opposiles and the influence of either does not concentrate on one way only but two ways or intersubjectivn.     

英汉法律翻译中的归化

讨论了归化策略在法律翻译中的运用,并从词汇和篇章两个层次进行阐述。进而分析了文化、语言和读者这三方面的因素及其对法律翻译中归化策略的影响。尽管归化并不能解决词汇层面上的所有翻译问题,但它往往是实现效力对等的有效手段。     

“文化转向”中译者角色的再思考

翻译研究中的"文化转向"体现了对翻译更深层次的理解,同时也促进了研究领域对跨文化翻译中译者角色的再思考。忠实与叛逆、归化与异化、缺省与补偿是跨文化翻译研究中的重要组成部分,也是译者在处理原文化与异文化中应考量的三个主要关系。促进各文化之间平等交流、和谐共生是新时期译者应承担的重要使命。     

华语电影礼貌语字幕翻译策略探析

在全球化背景下,华语电影陆续亮相西方荧屏。在此过程中,文化词汇的翻译,特别是礼貌语的翻译,为外国观众接受华语电影减少文化障碍取得国际成功做出了重要贡献。文章试图通过对中西方礼貌理论研究的比较,发现其理论上的差距;通过对礼貌语之称谓、寒暄语以及赞美语回应的探析,从微观上探究礼貌语字幕翻译策略,解决文化背景迥异的西方观众对以古代文化为题材的华语电影的接受问题。     

试论《红楼梦》中饮食文化翻译的异化

文化因素影响翻译质量。异化和归化是文化层面翻译的主要方法,也是译界久争不休的一个话题。在文化翻译中,异化和归化总是摆在翻译策略的第一位,《红楼梦》两种英译本饮食文化的翻译效果,表明在饮食文化及其他文化翻译时,应尽量采用异化,以促进文化的迅速及有效传播。     

异化归化的哲学与政治思辨

异化归化策略是文化派别形成之后被正式提出来的,并逐渐成为翻译研究的重中之重。译界对于异化归化的诸多传统研究视阈却往往把二者之间定格为一种静态的对立关系。其实异化归化在哲学和政治二维视阈处处透露出静中有动,相辅相成的辩证统一关系。