Could knee joint mechanics during the golf swing be contributing to chronic knee injuries in professional golfers?

ABSTRACT

Full three-dimensional movements and external moments in golfers’ knees and the possible involvement in injuries have not been evaluated using motion capture at high sample frequencies. This study measured joint angles and external moments around the three anatomical axes in both knees of 10 professional golfers performing golf drives whilst standing on two force plates in a motion capture laboratory. Significant differences were found in the knee joint moments between the lead and trail limbs for the peak values and throughout all stages during the swing phase. A significantly higher net abduction moment impulse was seen in the trail limb compared with the lead limb (?0.518 vs. ?0.135 Nms.kg^?1), indicating greater loading over the whole swing, which could contribute to knee lateral compartment or anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A significant correlation (r = ?0.85) between clubhead speed at ball contact and maximum joint moment was found, with the largest correlations being found for joint moments at the top of the backswing event and at the end of the follow-through. Therefore, although knee moments can contribute to high clubhead speeds, the large moments and impulses suggest that they may also contribute to chronic knee injuries or exacerbate existing conditions.     

运动生物力学方法在运动分析中的应用

随着科学技术的不断发展,运用运动生物力学方法对运动进行分析的手段变得越来越先进。为了给进行体育研究的人员提供分析思路与研究方法,对国内外目前普遍使用的运动学、动力学及将二者结合的方法进行综合评述,探讨各种方法的优缺点,并发现目前我国虽然较多使用运动学和动力学进行分析,但将两者结合起来进行分析者较少,就此提出将两种方法结合起来对运动项目进行分析的设想与思路,即通过等动测试获得做功关节处的肌力矩大小,并利用录像解析获得做功环节的运动学数据———角速度,将两者结合来分析功率输出情况。     

青少年男子铅球运动员施力特征探析

采用三维数字测力铅球仪对青少年运动员在整个投掷过程中的施力特征与动作技术特征进行分析,结果表明:(1)在完整推铅球动作过程中运动员对铅球的作用力曲线与铅球速度变化趋势基本一致,在最后用力动作过程中,合力曲线呈“双峰型”;(2)在最后用力开始左脚着地瞬间力值逐渐增大,到右腿蹬转使运动员身体由侧对投掷方向转为正对投掷方向瞬间出现第一次峰值;在推掷臂肘关节夹角约为90°时出现第二次峰值。     

素质教育的核心是培养创新能力

素质教育的核心是培养创新能力。当前,我国教育的最紧迫任务,就是要大力推行创新教育,为建立创新型国家而奋斗。     

审美创造一般过程的描述

为了理解审美创造的实质,就需对审美创造活动的一般过程进行动态的描述。初始阶段是审美态度和审美注意的出现,实现阶段是审美想象和审美意象的形成,物化阶段是创造技巧与审美创造的完成。此三阶段是递进的,又是综合交织的。任何简单的理解,都不利于把握创造过程的实质。     

A fast and versatile cross-linking strategy via o-phthalaldehyde condensation for mechanically strengthened and functional hydrogels

Fast and catalyst-free cross-linking strategy is of great significance for construction of covalently cross-linked hydrogels. Here, we report the condensation reaction between o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and N-nucleophiles (primary amine, hydrazide and aminooxy) for hydrogel formation for the first time. When four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (4aPEG) capped with OPA was mixed with various N-nucleophile-terminated 4aPEG as building blocks, hydrogels were formed with superfast gelation rate, higher mechanical strength and markedly lower critical gelation concentrations, compared to benzaldehyde-based counterparts. Small molecule model reactions indicate the key to these cross-links is the fast formation of heterocycle phthalimidine product or isoindole (bis)hemiaminal intermediates, depending on the N-nucleophiles. The second-order rate constant for the formation of phthalimidine linkage (4.3 M⁻¹ s⁻¹) is over 3000 times and 200 times higher than those for acylhydrazone and oxime formation from benzaldehyde, respectively, and comparable to many cycloaddition click reactions. Based on the versatile OPA chemistry, various hydrogels can be readily prepared from naturally derived polysaccharides, proteins or synthetic polymers without complicated chemical modification. Moreover, biofunctionality is facilely imparted to the hydrogels by introducing amine-bearing peptides via the reaction between OPA and amino group.     

专利法律状态信息组合分析研究

专利法律状态信息分析可以弥补专利申请信息分析的不足,对技术差距、研发实力和专利质量等多方面都能进行深入的揭示。基于专利授权率、授权专利有效率和有效专利维持时间三个指标构建技术、技术来源国或地区、申请人三个维度的专利法律状态信息组合分析模型,揭示专利数量无法展现的相对竞争态势,并以锂离子电池领域进行实证研究。     

有机合成反应选择性及其控制策略

有机合成是化学研究领域中最具有魅力的。结构复杂、性质多元、应用广泛的有机物及其合成方法学,让人赞叹与探求。文章用科学方法论总结了有机合成中的化学选择性、区域选择性和立体选择性的规律及其热力学和动力学控制策略,提出了综合利用其控制原理解释或预测竞争性反应产物的基本方法。     

对我国高等教育中"过度教育"现象的理性思考--从高校扩招和人才市场约束谈起

近年来，大学生待业和“大材小用”的“过度教育”现象已成为社会公众普遍关注和急需解决的社会热点问题之一。笔者从高校扩招和人才市场约束对大学生就业影响的角度对高等教育中“过度教育”产生的原因和发展趋势进行了分析。     

Differences in pedalling technique between road cyclists of different competitive levels

The purpose of this study was to compare the pedalling technique in road cyclists of different competitive levels. Eleven professional, thirteen elite and fourteen club cyclists were assessed at the beginning of their competition season. Cyclists’ anthropometric characteristics and bike measurements were recorded. Three sets of pedalling (200, 250 and 300 W) on a cycle ergometer that simulated their habitual cycling posture were performed at a constant cadence (~90 rpm), while kinetic and kinematic variables were registered. The results showed no differences on the main anthropometric variables and bike measurements. Professional cyclists obtained higher positive impulse proportion (1.5–3.3% and P < 0.05), mainly due to a lower resistive torque during the upstroke (15.4–28.7% and P < 0.05). They also showed a higher ankle range of movement (ROM, 1.1–4.0° and P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between the cyclists’ body mass and the kinetic variables of pedalling: positive impulse proportion (r = ?0.59 to ?0.61), minimum (r = ?0.59 to ?0.63) and maximum torques (r = 0.35–0.47). In conclusion, professional cyclists had better pedalling technique than elite and club cyclists, because they opted for enhancing pulling force at the recovery phase to sustain the same power output. This technique depended on cycling experience and level of expertise.