媒体多任务与学习的关系

数字多媒体时代的到来给媒体多任务现象的产生创造了条件。为了了解媒体多任务对学习的影响,本文介绍了媒体多任务的界定、现状、对学习的影响,以及影响个体学习过程中产生多任务行为的因素。未来研究应加强如何减少媒体多任务对学习的不利影响等方面的研究。     

企业高管团队隐性知识共享行为的激励机制研究——基于多任务委托代理模型的分析

企业高管团队建立合理的隐性知识共享行为激励机制有助于提高组织响应速度和创新能力。基于委托代理理论,对高管团队隐性知识共享行为的激励机制提出了相关设计思路,建立合理的隐性知识共享行为补偿策略,调整团队成员利益,使团队成员能预期到知识共享的正面效应,实现企业隐性知识的流动、转化、共享和创新。     

延时折扣范式下大学生课堂媒体多任务现象的行为经济分析

为探讨中国大学生课堂媒体多任务行为背后的冲动性机制,采用由经典延时折扣范式改编的课堂假想情景实验考察了101名大学生的课堂发消息行为。拟合分析结果表明大学生课堂发消息行为本质上是一种在即时少量报酬和延迟丰厚报酬间权衡时做出的冲动性的选择。进一步采用曲线下面积辅助分析发现女生比男生更少进行课堂发消息行为,而且女生在有趣课堂中比在枯燥课堂中更少进行课堂发消息行为。文章提供了对于中国大学生课堂媒体多任务行为的行为经济学分析思路。     

The impact of media multitasking on learning

While multitasking is not a new concept, it has received increasing attention in recent years with the development of new media and technologies. Recent trends appear to suggest that multitasking is on the rise among the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to determine if students obtain more or less information in multitasking conditions. We examined the relationships of multitasking to attention, cognitive load and media with 130 college student participants. In this study, participants were given a timed (16 minutes) reading comprehension test in three conditions: Silence (only reading), Background multitasking (reading with a non-tested video shown simultaneously), and Test multitasking (reading with a tested video shown simultaneously) conditions. Our findings indicated that: (1) participants in the Background condition performed as well as those in the Silence condition, and (2) when participants were tested on their video comprehension, the group in the Test condition performed significantly better than the group in the Background condition. The results of this study suggest that cognitive load plays an important role in determining how much information is retained when students perform more than one task at a time.     

Instant Messaging on Campus: Use and Integration in University Students' Everyday Communication

This article reviews the body of research on the use and role of instant messaging (IM) in campus life, and how IM is a key part of university students' communication. IM is a synchronous form of communication, and its speed, availability information, and support for multiple conversations have made it appealing for young people. With university students, in particular, showing a heavy reliance on IM, researchers have shown great interest in how university students use IM and how it is integrated in their social and academic life. While studies are emerging in various disciplines, no attempt has been made to integrate the disparate findings and approaches. This article synthesizes key findings, provides a map of the literature, and discusses conceptual problems inherent in the study of IM and other information and communication technologies (ICTs) that will help researchers identify key areas of study and opportunities for future investigation.     

Development of multitasking abilities in middle childhood

The development of multitasking abilities was investigated in relation to working memory capacity, sustained attention, inhibition, and task switching. Using a new touch-screen task, 90 children aged 7–10 years were asked to monitor several timers running at different paces, and to press a button whenever a timer had completed its cycle. Results showed that a significant part of the variance in children's multitasking performance was explained by age, and performance increased significantly until about 8–9 years. Multitasking performance was generally affected by the number of tasks, but even more so in younger children. Sustained attention explained a significant part of the variance in triple-, but not dual-task performance; visuospatial working memory capacity explained variance in dual- and triple-task performance, even after controlling for age. In conclusion, multitasking develops considerably in middle childhood and may involve different processes than dualtasking.     

Effects of using a second-screen application on attention,learning, and user experience in an educational content

Using a secondary device while viewing a primary device (i.e. TV), or media multitasking, is now common. Numerous researchers and practitioners have attempted to introduce secondary devices into education as a new learning environment providing additional information to the user. However, the learning-related effects of using a second screen remain controversial. This study examined the effects of second-screen-application use on attention, learning performance, and user experience per content relevance for three primary contents (PC; i.e. videos) requiring different amounts of cognitive load: low, medium, and high. Second-screen use reduced learning performance and user satisfaction when the PC required high cognitive load. However, participants exhibited increased learning performance, concentration, and satisfaction with the PC requiring medium-cognitive-load when highly relevant information was presented on the secondary screen simultaneously. Based on these findings, guidelines were suggested for designing a second-screen application without degrading users’ learning and experience.     

Reading Performances Between Novices and Experts in Different Media Multitasking Environments

This experimental study investigated connections between subject expertise and multitasking ability among college students. One hundred thirty college students participated in the study. Participants were assessed on their subject expertise and reading tasks under three conditions: (a) reading only (silence condition), (b) reading with a video playing in the background (background multitasking condition), and (c) reading and watching video simultaneously (test multitasking condition). The data indicated that the participants performed best in the background condition; the experts scored better than the novices; experts performed better when the reading-comprehension questions were more difficult. Implications for teaching are discussed.     

多任务目标条件下商业银行激励契约优化研究

随着公司治理机制的不断完善,除股东利益最大化和控制风险保证商业银行的稳定之外,对债权人利益以及全社会福利的保护也成为了商业银行高管的任务之一。更多的任务目标条件导致激励契约也更为复杂。在委托代理框架下,进一步分析商业银行委托代理关系与高管所承担的任务内容,基于此在Holmstrom-Milgrom模型框架下建立多任务商业银行高管激励契约并求出满足最优解的条件。分析可得当我国监管部门和社会公众无法提供最优激励时,管理层会愈发追求绩效来保证产出,进而减少在风险控制和承担社会责任上的努力。长期来看,若管理层欲获得最优激励,就必须保证对社会责任的努力是稳定持续的。     

基于软构件技术的C#多任务编程研究

该文给出了用C#实现基于软构件的多任务编程方法，WindowsXP支持进程内的多线程，线程是一种线性执行并不可被打断的可调度工作单元，而构件化程序设计方法继承并发展了面向对象程序设计方法，以构件组合的方式建立应用系统。采用基于软构件的C#多任务编程新方法，不仅可以缩短软件产品的开发周期，同时也提高了系统的可靠性。