保函换取清洁提单问题研究

用保函换取清洁提单 ,在当今的航运实务中被普遍采用。在托运人和承运人之间就签发清洁提单的问题发生了争议时 ,保函可以起到润滑剂的作用 ,避免因此而产生的船期损失 ,从而维护了国际贸易的迅捷性。但是 ,对于这一问题 ,不仅外国法院有不同的主张和判例 ;我国法学界和航运界也各执一说 ,莫衷一是 ,至今 ,国际间没有统一的认识。因此 ,对换取清洁提单的保函 (下称“保函”) ① 进行系统的研究 ,无论在司法实践中 ,还是在航运和对外贸易实务上都有现实意义     

论体育的社会功能

体育发展至今日,其健身价值反倒常常不是最动人的了,让我们感受一下一次次体育盛会的氛围,听一听奥运会中一次次奏响的国歌,看一看一次次升起的国旗,就会感知到体育是一种世界各国共同想往而为之拼搏的荣誉.由于体育的这种社会功能作用于社会,影响于社会,因而它所显示出来的价值观、功利观,就大大地超越了比它自身生物性功能更大的价值效能而备受世人关注和青睐.通过体育对社会政治、社会控制、经济、科技、文化等方面的促进意义进行了论述.     

Seeking Nettle Textiles – Utilizing a Combination of Microscopic Methods for Fibre Identification

Bast fibres have been commonly used as a textile material in Northern Europe since Neolithic times. However, the process of identifying the different species has been problematic, and many important questions related to their cultural history are still unanswered. For example, a modified Herzog test and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals have both been used in identification. In order to generate more reliable results, further research and advancement in multi-methodological methods is required. This paper introduces a combination of methods which can be used to identify and distinguish flax (Linum usitatissimum), hemp (Cannabis sativa), and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). The research material consisted of reference fibres and 25 fibre samples obtained from 12 textiles assumed to be made of nettle. The textiles were from the Finno-Ugric and Historical Collections of The National Museum of Finland. The fibre samples were studied by observing the surface characteristics and cross sections with transmitted light microscopy, and by using a modified Herzog test with polarized light, in order to identify the distinguishable features in their morphological structures. The study showed that five out of 25 samples were cotton, 16 nettle, one flax, and one hemp. Findings from two samples were inconsistent. The results show that it is possible to distinguish common north European bast fibres from each other by using a combination of microscopic methods. Furthermore, by utilizing these combined methods, new and more reliable information could be obtained from historical ethnographic textiles, which creates new vistas for the interpretation of their cultural history.     

漯周界界高速公路SDH光纤通信传输系统设计

根据河南省漯河至界首(简称漯周界界)高速公路的实际情况,分析了高速公路通信系统中传输的业务,给出了光中继段的估算方法、网络拓扑结构、网络保护方式、网同步方式、网络管理方式等.设计方案不仅满足现有业务对系统容量和技术要求,并为网络的扩展提供了技术上的可行性.     

Smart responsive organic microlasers with multiple emission states for high-security optical encryption

Modern high-security cryptography and optical communication call for covert bit sequences with high coding capacity and efficient authentication. Stimuli-responsive lasing emissions with easily distinguishable readout are promising in the coding field as a novel cryptographic primitive, while the application is frequently restricted by the limited number of emission states. Here, we report a strategy of achieving multiple competitive lasing signals in responsive organic microspheres where a donor–acceptor pair was introduced. The competitive lasing from the donor and acceptor was reversibly switched by modulating the competition between the radiative rate of the donor and the rate of energy transfer, and the generated multiple lasing signals enabled a quaternary coding for recognizable cryptographic implementation. Data encryption and extraction were demonstrated using a 4 × 4 microlaser array, showing vast prospects in avoiding the disclosure of security information. The results offer a comprehensive understanding of excited-state dynamics in organic composite materials, which may play a major role in high-security optical recording and information encryption.     

试论社区矫正的本土化

社区矫正制度代表着罪犯处遇的未来方向,已被世界各国广泛使用。其理论根基源于刑法谦抑性思想、行刑社会化理念。就我国现状而言,我国社会理念载体、法律载体和物质载体为社区矫正的本土化提供了现实可能。建议通过完善社区刑罚的刑事立法,整合现有基层司法资源,完善矫正机构职能分工,来完善社区矫正制度,保障和促进社区矫正在我国的发展。     

Wearable skin-like optoelectronic systems with suppression of motion artifacts for cuff-less continuous blood pressure monitor

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, an estimated 17.9 million people die from cardiovascular diseases each year, representing 31% of all global deaths. Continuous non-invasive arterial pressure (CNAP) is essential for the management of cardiovascular diseases. However, it is difficult to achieve long-term CNAP monitoring with the daily use of current devices due to irritation of the skin as well as the lack of motion artifacts suppression. Here, we report a high-performance skin-like optoelectronic system integrated with ultra-thin flexible circuits to monitor CNAP. We introduce a theoretical model via the virtual work principle for predicting the precise blood pressure and suppressing motion artifacts, and propose optical difference in the frequency domain for stable optical measurements in terms of skin-like devices. We compare the results with the blood pressure acquired by invasive (intra-arterial) blood pressure monitoring for >1500 min in total on 44 subjects in an intensive care unit. The maximum absolute errors of diastolic and systolic blood pressure were ±7/±10 mm Hg, respectively, in immobilized, and ±10/±14 mm Hg, respectively, in walking scenarios. These strategies provide advanced blood pressure monitoring techniques, which would directly address an unmet clinical need or daily use for a highly vulnerable population.     

档案记录方式和载体形式对档案管理工作的影响——实体档案与电子档案管理刍议

当今,现代信息技术对传统实体档案管理产生了深远影响,如何做好实体档案与电子档案管理,笔者认为:首先要厘清实体档案管理的历史发展及其特征;其次要弄清档案馆(室)在实体档案保护与信息化管理中的角色定位;三是档案馆(室)应在实体档案管理与信息化管理交互并存中赢得主动。任何一个时期的档案记录与管理方式,都与人类文明和技术进步相适应,电子档案同样是档案存在的一种形态,同实体档案还有一个长期并存的过程。因此,我们对实体档案不能轻易言弃,而要注重把信息技术运用到不同形态的档案管理中,确保实体档案安全和信息化条件下档案事业发展。     

中药生产废水治理研究与应用

针对中药废水可生化性较差的特点，采用载体固定床 序批式活性污泥法(SBR)物化、生化处理工艺路线，实现废水达标排放。应用结果表明，该研究处理中药废水，酸碱度、悬浮物、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、色度达标率为100％，挥发酚达标率为94％。     

简析载波同步

针对通信系统中的同步问题,该文介绍了载波同步的两种方法,插入导频法和直接法.