7-12世纪伊斯兰城市的布局及其成因——以开罗为例

7世纪伊斯兰教在阿拉伯半岛诞生,之后开始向西亚、北非、中亚和南欧扩张并建立起横跨欧亚非的伊斯兰帝国,在扩张过程中建立的诸多军事营地在7—12世纪发展成为重要的伊斯兰城市。本文以开罗为例,简述影响伊斯兰城市建立和发展的因素、伊斯兰城市格局的特点以及造成这些同质点的原因。     

Sultan Barqūq and his Complaining Subjects in the Royal Stables

In 789/1387, Sultan al-?āhir Barqūq (r. 784–792/1382–89, 793–802/1390–99), the founder of the Circassian Mamluk State, moved the royal ma?ālim sessions for hearing petitions from Dār al-‘Adl, the time-honoured building at the centre of the Cairo Citadel, to the Royal Stables situated in the peripheral and lower enclosure of the Citadel. Thereafter, Barqūq utilised the stable area as a stronghold of his new paternalistic rule. This paper examines the background, political intention, and social meaning of this important change, with special attention to various actions of urban and rural Egyptian people during the two reigns of the sultan.     

从蒋档看宋美龄与开罗会议

1943年春夏间,宋美龄在美访问引起轰动,返华时带回罗斯福邀请蒋介石参加盟国领袖会议的口信,在几经联系后,终于决定于1943年冬,在埃及开罗召开中美英三国领袖会议.宋美龄偕同蒋介石共赴开罗,以其娴熟的英语能力,周旋于美英高层,争取中方权益,其所扮演的角色至为重要,对提升中国的民心士气和国际形象,亦有莫大帮助.文章将试图运用蒋档和相关史料,探讨宋美龄在开罗会议所扮演的角色与作用.     

数字电路教学中几个问题的探讨

通过分析逻辑函数的最小项表式与卡诺图相应项之间的内在联系,总结出从逻辑或直接填卡诺图的方法,省去教材中要求把逻辑式化成最小项之和的繁琐过程(步骤);比较了时序逻辑电路设计中卡诺图法的直观性和次态卡诺图法的内在联系与一致性;讨论了二进制加减法的综合电路设计。     

Changing research trends in the field of archaeological wood at the Conservation Department,Faculty of Archaeology,Cairo University

Abstract

Since 1980, much research in the field of treatment and conservation of archaeological wood has been carried out at the Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Materials and methods used in conservation have been changing gradually over the years worldwide. It was necessary to study critically previous masters and doctoral dissertations on Egyptian archaeological and historic wood, all written in Arabic. This review of them includes a brief history of the Conservation Department at Cairo University and five main focal points of past research: types of wood used throughout Egyptian history, assessment of wood decay, wood properties and composition, treatment and conservation of decorated wood, and the evaluation of chemicals and polymers used in the treatment of archaeological wood and composite objects containing wood.     

Welfare and Charity in a Sixteenth-Century Jewish Community in Egypt: A Study of Genizah Documents

Musta?rib is a term that refers to the local Arabic-speaking Jews in Syria, Palestine and Egypt. The article discusses the Musta?rib community of Cairo in the late sixteenth century. Like other Medieval Jewish communities, the Musta?rib of Cairo had an advanced system for support of the needy. It included regular support for the poor, for widows and orphans, and occasional help for foreign travellers, captives, and more. Based on Genizah documents in Judaeo-Arabic, the article discusses the mechanism of welfare in that community and proves the influence of European Jewish immigrants on the construction of this system.

The Musta?ribs are romanticised in classic Zionist historiography as deeply rooted farmers. The article argues that the Musta?ribs were first and foremost members of an urban population. It also suggests that contrary to the classic image of them as a fixed and unchanging population, which resided in the same area for successive generations, the Musta?rib society should be viewed as a society in motion. They adjusted to historical changes, were influenced by other Jewish cultures, and applied changes to improve their welfare system.     

Editorial commentary

This article reports on researching “Middle East: Information Literacy awareness and indigenous Arabic World Wide Web content challenges”. The research reported upon was conducted in preparation for a training presentation which was delivered as a part of the UNESCO “Training the Trainers” (TTT) in Information Literacy workshop project that was held November 6–8, 2008 at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt. Although the concept of Information Literacy is relatively new worldwide, by now it is fairly well understood, practiced and pedagogically supported in the developed world. But, it is still quite a mystery for developing countries, especially in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Therefore, the presentation the authors were invited to deliver at the workshop aimed at creating a much needed broader awareness concerning the concept of Information Literacy, including the somewhat differing definitions which are used in various world regions and cultures, and the concept’s relevance to the advancement of knowledge, research, and the general level of education in the Arabic speaking world. Special attention was paid to these problems in the context of challenges faced by higher education institutions in the Middle East and North Africa regions.

The authors discovered that the problem of the scarcity of indigenous Arabic content materials on the World Wide Web is inextricably related to the challenges of increasing the awareness of Middle East and North Africa audiences to the relevance of Information Literacy. The authors endeavor to explain in detail what this inter-relationship is, and why and how the increase of Arabic materials on the Web could then lead to an increase in the awareness of Information Literacy in those Arabic speaking regions.

The workshop presentation aimed at explaining and promoting Information Literacy skills, not only to students and researchers, but also to future Information Literacy trainers (the participants at the UNESCO workshop). The language barrier, the Digital Divide, and the lack of adequate Arabic digital content/resources relating to Information Literacy, were all reviewed with the workshop participants, illustrated by real world case examples, and discussed, in an effort to simultaneously try to work toward a consensus approach to teaching and learning the IL concept, and at the same time create a heightened Information Literacy awareness. Rather than simply amplify in detail the technical contents of the workshop presentations the authors made in this article, and with the encouragement of the Review’s editor and guest editor, the authors decided to “tell their story” in anecdotal fashion, sharing with the workshop participants tales of the many challenges they faced in just preparing materials for their presentations – and covering both the presentation format and the presentation content aspects, including explaining why they selected a specific teaching and learning approach, and how they dealt with various delivery and implementation challenges. By so doing, readers faced with similar teaching challenges might be better prepared to respond to the many challenges, both in the context of the preparations they will be required to make as well as in the context of their actual content delivery at their workshops.     

Frankish Captives in Mamlūk Cairo

Latin presence in the Middle East came to an end with the fall of Acre in 690/1291. Among the last prisoners, Roger of Stanegrave, who gave testimony of his captivity in Cairo, was released around 715/1315. Therefore, how can we explain that Egyptian chroniclers kept on telling the life and tribulations of “Frankish captives” (asārā min al-Afranj) in Cairo as late as the last decades of the fourteenth century? This article looks first at the conditions of the Latin prisoners in Mamlūk Cairo and at their forced labour on the building sites of the city. It investigates afterwards the astonishing life and business of their descendants, trading wine and dealing with entertainment and prostitution in the city centre of Cairo, before being confronted with repression by Mamlūk authorities and being scattered over the most disreputable areas of the city. The history of Cairo and its urban fabric gives a unique opportunity to bring to light the life of people still referred to as “Frankish captives”, one century after the end of the crusader wars, and to understand how they finally became indigenous.     

究竟什么是无条件投降

长期以来，日本国内一直存在第二次世界大战“日本是有条件投降”的论调，中国少数学者也持相同的观点。“日本是有条件投降”论者都认为：无条件投降是战胜和战败双方都不允许对投降先提出条件，因此，既然在日本投降之前，就有了《波茨坦公告》的“条件”，日本的投降就属于“有条件投降”。但从史实、概念、逻辑、法律等方面来看，受降与投降是两个概念，无条件投降是投降者无附加条件地接受胜利者提出的受降条件的投降，德国和日本是国家无条件投降的典型。