The role of objectives in guiding the organization of information learned from text

This study was designed to identify how objectives influence the organization of the information recalled from text. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) that objectives affect the sequence of attention to information in text, (2) that they affect the sequence in which information is rehearsed during a review period, or (3) that they serve as a set of cues at retrieval. One hundred college students read objectives either before or after reading a passage (varying the opportunity for objectives to affect the sequence of attention). They then either had or did not have a review period (varying the opportunity to use objectives to sequence rehearsal and also varying the presence of the objectives in memory at the time of retrieval). One hundred more students read the passage in control conditions with objectives available throughout the reading or with no objectives available. Results showed that students given objectives after reading but before a review period had more clustering by objectives in free recall than did those who never saw objectives, supporting the hypothesis that organization by objectives occurs during rehearsal. No evidence was found to support the notion that organization by objectives occurs during encoding or retrieval phases.     

历史唯物主义中的经济基础-上层建筑隐喻及其理论效应

马克思是通过正确定位生产关系与社会形态的整体模式和历史发展的关系建构起历史唯物主义的。他力图用经济基础-上层建筑的隐喻来指出历史唯物主义在批判资本主义社会时所反映出来的复杂的洞察力。蕴含三层内涵的“生产关系”是理解经济基础-上层建筑与历史唯物主义的逻辑相关性的核心概念。但是在马克思以后的马克思主义者那里,经济基础-上层建筑的辩证关系在此被误读。因为没有理解历史唯物主义本质,没有处理好历史本质层面和具体事实层面的关系,阿尔都塞混淆了多元决定论和最终决定论;艾伦·伍德则走向将经济基础-上层建筑统一在包罗万象的“社会存在”中。     

Welcome and Introductory Remarks

Abstract

Both photocopied tables of contents and originals were scanned by optical character recognition (OCR). (The threshold for acceptable OCR conversion is a break-even point of 94% accuracy; it is cheaper to rekey data than fix corrupted data if rates fall below this point.) The results suggest that OCR recognition rates are likely to support improved capture productivity for as many as 75% of tables of contents. More than half (55%) of the sample can be processed effectively.     

From Prime-Time to Daytime: The Domestication of Ellen DeGeneres

Ellen DeGeneres was celebrated. She was chastised. And then she was cancelled. Her current success makes it easy to forget how short-lived her lesbianism initially lasted on television (less than two years). Ironically, in the aftermath of Ellen's, demise we witnessed a profound increase in queer characters, themes, and programming as well as her own spectacular comeback. Moving beyond most academic consideration of Ellen DeGeneres’ initial emergence as lesbian celebrity, I highlight the cancellation of her sitcom as a particularly crucial moment for understanding the fierce multilayered disciplining of Ellen's public persona. Further, I consider the disparate discourses and entertainment journalism that articulated a public/private DeGeneres with her television character(s), working to shape her public persona in the interest of preserving prevailing cultural norms.     

Time and the Shape of History. By Penelope J.

ABSTRACT

In the interwar period, women formed an ever-growing share of the press market. They were an increasingly important target for advertisers, and newspapers were intent on securing the maximum number of women readers. The press turned its spotlight on female politicians in an attempt to attract women readers. Some politicians, such as the Labour MP Ellen Wilkinson, collaborated with the press to increase their media exposure and promote an image of themselves as political ‘celebrities'. In so doing, they simultaneously perpetuated and destabilized assumptions about women as frivolous, superficial and uninterested in serious political debate. Wilkinson was ultimately able to turn her celebrity to political advantage, using the press as a pulpit to expound her progressive political agenda. However, her successful manipulation of her public platform should not obscure the gendered assumptions behind the press coverage that helped to propel her to political stardom.     

大学排名:水平提升抑或系统优化——艾伦·海泽科恩排名观述评

大学排名虽然角度、体系和结果各异,但以研究(research)为核心指标却是共同的。在各式排行榜驱动下,世界高等教育系统出现争创世界一流大学的冲动,甚至引发学术军备竞赛,造成各类大学趋同发展、教育资源浪费、知识生产与社会需求脱节等后果。艾伦.海泽科恩从大学创业转型和高等教育发展战略的角度,指出当前排名存在的缺陷,提出淡化一流大学、创建一流(大学)系统的排名思路。这对确立各类高等教育机构的科学发展观、纠正办学的盲目冲动具有重要价值。     

Public schools and the Fleming report of 1944: shunting the first-class carriage on to an immense siding?

This paper assesses the origins, conclusions and consequences of the Fleming Committee, which considered the relationship between Britain’s leading independent boarding schools and the state. In 1944, the committee recommended one-quarter of the places at these schools should be assigned to a national bursary scheme for children who might benefit from boarding. The author emphasises the role that Ellen Wilkinson played in implementing a Fleming-style scheme in the early years of the Attlee Government. Despite promises to the contrary, the Conservative Government that was elected in 1951 did not expand the scheme, which lingered on in a desultory form. Failure stemmed from a lack of political will, which was reinforced by a shortage of public finance, inconsistent support from independent boarding schools and local education authorities and problems over the selection of pupils.     

美国脱口秀《奥普拉秀》与《艾伦秀》主持人话轮控制对比研究

本文对比研究美国脱口秀《奥普拉秀》与《艾伦秀》主持人奥普拉＆#183;温弗瑞和艾伦＆#183;德杰尼勒斯在节目中的话轮控制,发现两位主持人在话轮控制中均非常主动,但是风格各异,奥普拉亲切真诚而艾伦诙谐幽默。     

婚恋的悲歌 繁衍的恐怖——解读《押沙龙,押沙龙!》中的女性

19、20世纪的美国南方是基督教盛行、父权制横行、黑人、混血儿又多一重种族压迫的世界,威廉·福克纳在《押沙龙,押沙龙!》中描写了萨德本的际遇兴衰,在这个过程中,不可避免地涉及女性人物,在萨德本周围,有这样一些女子:妻子埃伦、妻妹罗莎、女儿朱迪思、被他凌辱的米莉、他的混血女儿克莱蒂等,她们囊括了福克纳笔下女性的几种类型,她们不是《押沙龙,押沙龙!》中的主角,就如同妇女也不是南方社会生活的主角一样,这些妇女是19、20世纪南方社会各阶层女性的真实写照。     

爱伦·凯儿童教育思想探析

爱伦·凯是瑞典著名妇女解放运动的推动者,也是欧洲“新教育运动”的核心人物。她将妇女解放与儿童教育权益保障紧密结合,形成了独具特色的儿童教育思想。在《儿童的世纪》等文中,爱伦·凯抨击旧式教育扼杀儿童天性,无视个性发展,摧残儿童身心。在否定旧式学校教育的基础上,她从校园环境、课程设置与教学方式三个方面推行新式学校教育,呼吁重视家庭教育,充分发挥母职功能,通过家庭和学校协同促进儿童充分自由发展。这既推动了瑞典乃至世界各国儿童教育的改革进程,也为当今儿童教育的发展提供了新思路。