Independence and obedience in the United States and Japan

Are some Americans and Japanese beginning to think more similarly about independence and obedience? Middle-class adult respondents from the suburbs of Chicago and Tokyo (U.S.: 43 males and 54 females: Japan: 71 males and 80 females) were surveyed about their sex-role values. This report focuses on two values which have been recognised as constituting fundamental differences between Japanese and Americans: personal independence and obedience. The survey used a metric multidimensional scaling technique called Galileo^®. Analyses of the data and results of other comparative studies suggest that any convergence taking place between the two societies is occurring primarily within American society. There is growing evidence, including the findings of this study, that Americans are moving away from their traditional stress on the importance of the individual in society. The Japanese respondents did show a more liberal conceptualization of the ideal woman with respect to obedience, however, there was no indication that this less traditional image of women extended to their other traditional roles in society.     

近代汉语被动标记“吃”消失的语音动因

近代汉语被动标记“吃”与“被”、“叫”、“让”、“给”等被动标记语音发展方向迥异,汉语方言和人类语言被动标记的共性也表明了“吃”在清代突然消失存在某种语音动因,这种语音动因体现了语音在语法化过程中的制约和选择作用。     

Comparison study of harmonic imaging (HI) and fundamental imaging (FI) in fetal echocardiography

Objectives: To directly compare the quality of harmonic imaging (HI) and fundamental imaging (FI) in fetal echocardiography and to determine any differences in image quality between the two modalities. Methods: Fetal echocardiograms were performed with the use of FI and HI in 58 fetuses, image quality and visualization of left and right atria, left and right ventricles, mitral and tricuspid valves, aortic and pulmonary valves, left and right ventricular outflow tracts were evaluated and compared between FI and HI. Results: Mean HI scores were higher than mean FI scores (2.73±0.43 vs 2.16±0.69, P<0.001)for all the cardiovascular structures evaluated. Compared with FI, HI improved the image quality and visualization of fetal cardiac structures in subjects with both good (2.73±0.43 vs 2.88±0.32, P<0.001) and suboptimal (1.65±0.41 vs 2.58±0.47, P<0.001) echocardiographic windows. The interobserver correlation coefficient for the grading scores was 0.74 (P<0.001). Conclusions: harmonic imaging enhances and improves the image quality of fetal echocardiography; and has important potential role in cardiac imaging in the fetus.     

关于人工智能与人类智能的比较思考

人工智能本质上是对人类智能的功能模拟，二者虽然存在着一定的相似之处，但由于其思维的物质承担者不同，在智能活动中的地位和思维程序了悄同，所以有本质的区别，人工智能没有人类智能所特有的创造性和社会性，只不过是人类智能的延伸，至多只是部分地超越人类智能，在整体上是不能最终代替和战胜人类智能的。     

The effects of affective and cognitive treatment on attitude change toward ethnic minority groups

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive and affective treatments on the attitudes of white university students in Hawaii (a place where many ethnic minority groups live with little overt discrimination and where no one racial group, such as the whites, is in the majority) toward ethnic minority groups. It was hypothesized that the rank order of the groups from most favorable to least favorable in social distance and attitude for and against ethnic minority groups, would be: Affective Treatment, Cognitive Treatment, Hawaii Control, and Mainland Comparison Group. The Social Distance Scale and Prejudice and Rationality Scale were used as pretest and posttest instruments in the Fall, 1980 with 94 Brigham Young University—Hawaii Campus (BYU—HC)and30 Brigham Young University (BYU) in Utah undergraduate students. Analysis of covariance led to supporting the three hypotheses at the 0.01 significance level. It was found that the Affective Treatment Group consistently had a greater change in attitude toward ethnic minorities followed by the Cognitive, Hawaii Control, and Mainland Comparison Groups. It was concluded that the affective treatment was the most effective in changing attitudes toward ethnic minority groups.     

鸡减蛋综合症(EDS—76)病毒的分离和鉴定

本文采集产蛋量突然下降的疑似发生EDS—76病鸡群中产软壳蛋鸡的输卵管为病料,经鸭胚传代,分离到一株血凝性病毒(FE_1株).该病毒株对氯仿不敏感,耐酸(PH3.0),通过与EDS—75—AV—127株及新城疫阳性血情所做的交叉血凝抑制试验表明,FE_1株与AV—127株的抗原性相同,而与新城疫病毒无抗原相关性.因此证明FE_1株端病毒属EDS—76病毒.     

Comparison study of harmonic imaging (HI) and fundamental imaging (FI) in fetal echocardiography

INTRODUCTIONHarmonicimaging (HI)isoneofthemostimportantultrasoundimagingproceduresdevel opedrecently,differingfromfundamentalimag ing (FI)bytransmittingultrasoundatonefre quencyandreceivingitattwoormoretimesthetransmittedfrequency .Clinicalapplicationshad…     

Updating Working Memory and arithmetical attainment in school

Here we wished to determine how the sub-components of Working Memory (Phonological-Loop and Central Executive) influence children's arithmetical development. Specifically, we aimed at distinguishing between Working Memory inhibition and updating processes within the Central Executive, and the domain-specificity (words and numbers) of both subcomponents in a population of children with low attainment in arithmetic and their age matched typically-attaining controls. We show that both groups were similar for phonological loop abilities, while Working Memory updating demonstrated a domain-specific modulation related to the level of children's arithmetical performance. Moreover, inhibition processes interacted with domain-specificity and arithmetical attainment. These results are particularly relevant to the diagnostic assessment of arithmetical ability and should be considered in existing tests of arithmetical development.     

Intercultural marriages: An intrareligious perspective

This study examines 108 intercultural and 62 intracultural, intrareligious marriages in Hawaii in terms of inferred causality or internal and external variables affecting the satisfaction of the relationship. Personal questionnaires were conducted privately by an interculturally trained interviewer with each marriage partner. Intercultural couples reported significantly more external problems (intercultural experiences attributed to extended family members, relatives, friends and community), greater assimilation pressures on the female towards accepting the husband's culture and greater negative responses toward intercultural marriage per se than intracultural couples. Responses were in concurrence with the idea that for an intercultural, intrareligious marriage to suceed it demands considerable more sacrifice, patience, and commitment.