浅谈陶晶孙对战后日本的社会批评

陶晶孙,中国现代文学家,其在日本的影响胜于中国。针对日本战后文学及社会对战争罪责的“暧昧”态度,陶晶孙在一本《给日本的遗书》中,一针见血地指出日本社会中的“暧昧”情结,批判了日本国民的劣根性,让日本学界汗颜和警醒。伊藤虎丸评价陶晶孙,说他的批评是从文化根底上,对战后日本进行的“全方面的思考”,是值得日本学界尊敬和信服的。     

Television—the Housewife's Choice? The 1949 Mass Observation Television Directive,Reluctance and Revision

This article considers the responses of women, many of whom describe themselves as housewives, in the 1949 Mass Observation Television Directive, in order to interrogate some of the broader assumptions around television's relationship with ‘the housewife’ as key to its success. Against the backcloth of social histories revising ideas about gender, modernity and suburbia in the post-war period, this article considers some of the ways in which initial reluctance towards television was recorded and negotiated. It presents three themes around tensions between home and leisure, the domestication of entertainment and ‘going out’, and the appreciation of particular genre, which suggest that the adoption of television as mass entertainment by women might not have been as smooth a process as we have come to understand.     

美国战后政策对日本右翼势力泛起的影响

战后美国从其全球战略出发,在其主导下对日本进行了改革,随着冷战和美苏争霸的全面展开,美国对日政策由抑制改为扶植,减轻对日惩罚,对日改革半途而废,可以说美国的战后政策与日本右翼势力泛起密不可分;日本右翼势力再度泛起,对亚太和平特别是东北亚区域安全构成了潜在的威胁。     

Further education outside the jurisdiction of local education authorities in post-war England

This article revisits the three decades following the end of World War Two – a time when, following the 1944 Education Act, local education authorities (LEAs) were the key agencies responsible for running the education system across England. For the first time, there was a statutory requirement for LEAs to secure adequate facilities for further education (FE), and the post-war era is generally remembered as a period when they dominated FE. Yet this is not the full story of FE in post-war England: it is often forgotten that a significant amount of FE existed outside the municipal framework. This article returns to the post-war decades and begins to uncover the largely forgotten history of FE outside local authority control at that time. It highlights how voluntary and private organisations offered various forms of post-compulsory education outside the municipal framework, and how they contributed to the eclectic and diverse nature of FE across England. This, I argue, not only reflected the expedience, compromise and inertia that characterised FE in post-war England but was rooted in a capture of educational policy more generally by a privileged elite intent on maintaining a social order characterised by social, economic and cultural divisions.     

南宋岳州经济述论

以两宋之交的战争为切入点,考察岳州北宋末年战争之下的经济状况,通过对南宋岳州战后重建工作的归纳,认为尽管战争带来的创伤影响甚大,由于南宋坚持经济建设,所以较北宋仍然有所发展。     

Seeing,hearing, reading,writing, speaking and things: on silences,senses and emotions during the “zero hour” in Germany

This article focuses on senses, emotions and cultural practices such as writing, reading and speaking in West Germany after 1945. The period immediately following the end of the Second World War – the so-called Stunde Null, or “zero hour” – has generally been seen as a time of new beginnings, also with regard to cleansing the German language and breaking the silences of the past. This historical examination of sensory-emotional and material contexts and related cultural practices takes as its source Hanns-Josef Ortheil’s autobiographical novel Die Erfindung des Lebens (The Invention of Life), published in 2009. Ortheil’s novel is about a child’s enormous struggle to learn how to feel, see, read, write and speak. This so-called “ego document”, told by a first-person narrator, focuses on the links between things, objects, senses, emotions, and the acquisition of cultural skills and techniques while at the same time providing subtle commentary on post-war West German society.     

大江健三郎早期文学的战后再启蒙意识——从《饲育》到《政治少年之死》

从《饲育》到《拔芽击仔》前后,大江健三郎的战后再启蒙意识开始变得脉络清晰起来,及至《十七岁》、《政治少年之死》,大江独特的启蒙话语已经基本形成。此间显现出来的再启蒙意识中。除了对民主主义思想的精神坚守,还有对日本独特的民主主义体制的深切质疑和忧虑。大江正是通过强调在战后的时代状况和生存状态之下作为一个独立个体的主体性的重要。昭示了容许天皇制存续的日本民主主义的脆弱和天皇制自身所蕴含的暴力因素,并提示了战后价值体系的扭曲是国家主义风潮再起的精神土壤,以此警示日本民众,表达自己的战后再启蒙意识。     

Lebanese youth narratives: a bleak post-war landscape

To identify the themes that define the lives of a generation living in a conflict-ridden post-war society, I explore the changing views of Lebanese students through an analysis of the personal narrative texts that they created during my creative writing workshops over a 16-year period (1997–2012). Increasingly, young Lebanese feel trapped in a violent past, a threatening present and a hopeless future. As traditional forms of stability and loyalty (family and state) become more dysfunctional, modern alternative sources of education, employment, security and public discourse remain absent, creating an ever-widening disjunction between expectations and disheartening lived realities. Since 1998, student texts have focused on three salient thematic groupings: Idealism (1998–2005), Activism (2005–2008) and, most recently, Disillusionment (2008–present). In an atmosphere of escalating intolerance and hostility, it is hardly surprising that students are currently escaping to spaces of indulgence and personal gratification. As ongoing regional conflicts fuel local sectarian rivalries, I argue that reengaging educated young Lebanese in non-confrontational narratives that challenge dysfunctional systems can play a vital role in disrupting a dangerous sectarian narrative that is fast threatening to entangle Lebanon in yet another brutal war.     

伊拉克战后重建中新政府面临的挑战与对策

伊拉克战争之后，在美国的主导下，伊拉克踏上了艰难的重建之路。虽然，美国已向伊拉克新政府移交了主权，为重建消除了一大障碍，但新政府仍在国内安全、内部团结、经济建设、发展与美国的关系等方面面临诸多挑战。为此，新政府应该将安全工作放在首位，树立自己的威信，扩大自己的影响力，最大限度地争取民心，同时还应加强与联合国的合作，争取国际社会的广泛支持。     

Short notices

ABSTRACT

Was there ever a golden age of academe: a time when academics were able to pursue their own interests, had relatively light and undemanding teaching responsibilities, and enjoyed widespread respect from both the general public and policy makers? This article explores that question, primarily in the context of the United Kingdom, but with some reference to other systems as well. It attempts to separate the mythical elements of the golden age from the reported memories and analyses of both those who were there at the time and subsequent authors.