大西洋宪章：战后资本主义社会改革的指导原则

基于对1930年代大萧条和社会混乱的深刻反省，罗斯福提出了四大自由，并以此为基础与丘吉尔制定了大西洋宪章，作为反法西斯国家共同的社会和政治目标，二战后成为资本主义国家社会改革的指导原则。     

Neoliberal freedoms,privatisation and the future of physical education

Focussing on the ideological aspects of privatisation, this paper explores ways in which ‘freedom’ has been activated discursively to justify actions involving changes to both the structure and the content of formal education in the UK. Empirically, the paper will analyse examples in England of UK Government ‘new provider’ rhetoric relating to ‘Academies’ in order to address both the claims and the counterclaims made by governments, educational producers and others for the privatisation of education and physical education (PE) within it. The paper suggests that such changes may have significant implications not only for teachers of PE, but also the educational entitlements of pupils and specifically, their opportunities to enjoy a liberal, comprehensive, high-quality PE. Privatisation may also consolidate rather than help erode and eradicate existing social hierarchies and associated distributions of educational social and physical capital.     

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: A Postmodern Catalyst for Change in Educational Administrative Practices

In an unstable social climate, the effects of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on administrative practice in educational institutions may be perceived as a postmodernist manifestation of that social instability. Three foci (administration/management; social instability; the law) identifying postmodernism are described and the particular impact of two of them on administrative practice is discussed. The sequential importance of the Canadian Constitution Acts of 1791, 1867, and 1982 are also discussed. In conclusion, a number of points are addressed to identify areas administrators would be well advised to consider in the course of carrying out their responsibilities with the contexts of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and postmodernism.     

罗斯福“四大自由”思想的历史渊源

富兰克林·D·罗斯福提出的"四大自由"思想是美国历史上最重要的思想之一.它阐述了美国所认为的世界秩序应遵守的几项基本原则,且对此后世界的发展产生了巨大的影响.可是也由于"四大自由"中暗含了美国式的普世主义,这也为以后的冷战埋下了伏笔."四大自由"虽是罗斯福首先提出来的,但其中的思想却都可以在美国的传统文化、政治思想和国家制度之中找到其根源.