The relative safety of paternal,maternal, and traditional foster care placements

When children are placed into foster care the caseworker must give preference to an adult relative, many of whom are grandparents, over an unrelated caregiver. This kinship preference is based in evolutionary biology, which suggests that the imperative to care for a child should be greater for kin versus non-kin. However, not all kin are related to a child in the same way, and level of paternity uncertainty may influence level of care provided. For instance, maternal grandparents can be assured that they share genetic material with their grandchild, while paternal grandparents may not have the same level of certainty. Owing to the possibility of paternity uncertainty, we hypothesize that out-of-home placements with paternal grandparents will be at a greater risk of subsequent investigations than placements with maternal grandparents or with foster parents. We secured data on placements n = 560 of children ages 1.5 to 17 following a maltreatment investigation from a merger of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being NSCAW II and the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System NCANDS. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression were used to examine the difference in time to the first new investigation by type of out-of-home placement while controlling for covariates. Consistent with our hypothesis, placements with paternal grandparents were at a higher risk of a subsequent investigations than placements with maternal grandparents or non-kin foster parents. Results suggest a need for further considerations of child safety in foster care based on genetic relatedness of caregivers.     

近二十年汉语亲属词的概念结构研究综述

对于亲属词进行深入的分析,这是汉语语义学研究的需要,也是词汇学、心理学、社会学研究的需要。笔者将近二十年的汉语亲属词的研究情况予以总结。汉语亲属词概念结构的组织维度至少有四个：亲属的亲密程度、姻亲,非姻亲、辈分和对象性别。汉语亲属词的分类既受亲属词的特性影响,也受知识和经验影响,同时还受文化影响。     

Age and other risk factors related to reentry to care from kin guardian homes

Although kinship guardianship is an increasingly important foster care exit pathway for children in the United States, research on the factors leading to kinship guardianship breakdown is lacking. This study examines the factors associated with guardianship breakdown for children who exited foster care to kinship guardianship in California between 2003 and 2010 (N = 18,831). Specifying time-dependent Cox relative risk models, children’s age trajectories are directly accounted for in the analysis. This allows differentiation between duration dependence (i.e., time spent in guardianship) and children’s development (expressed as age). Overall, 17.3% of children reentered care by 2017. Early adolescents, age 13–15 years (HR = 1.63, p < .001), and late adolescents, age 16–17 years (HR = 1.93, p < .001), had an increased hazard of reentry compared with children under the age of six. Children with a history of mental health concerns had more than twice the hazard of reentering than children without such a history (HR = 2.18, p < .001). Our findings indicate that transition to adolescence was associated with increased risk of reentry into care, highlighting the need for guardianship support services leading up to, and during, this child developmental stage.     

汉语用亲属称谓表达对称的历时考察

汉语表达对称的方式丰富多样,显示出汉语强大的表达力.亲属称谓是其中的一种.拟亲属称谓是汉语中使用亲属称谓称呼非亲属的一种方式.以古代汉语、近代汉语和现代汉语三个时期的著作《世说新语》、《水浒传》、《茶馆》等为语言材料,对汉语用亲属称谓表达对称的方式进行历时研究,可以得出:随着宗法观念的淡薄,用亲属称谓表达对称的方式有弱化的趋势.拟亲属称谓是汉语对称表达方式的一大特色.     

从英汉的亲属称谓看其所蕴涵的文化差异

英汉亲属称谓属于不同的称谓制度,它们之间存在很大的差异。亲属称谓反映的是社会复杂的人际关系,是一定社会礼制的重要反映,受到社会制度与伦理观念体系的制约,蕴涵了不同的文化习俗和文化差异。     

试论唐律的血缘主义特征

唐律涵括的内容极其宽泛，但它“一准乎礼”的本质决定了对血缘主义的研究是一个不容忽视的课题。唐律的血缘主义特征表明，血缘主义透过家庭关系、生产关系、政治关系、文化关系转化为法律关系，表现于唐代社会生活的诸多方面。血缘关系既是法律调整的对象，也是法律调整的基础。血缘关系与法律关系的融汇，是中华法系一大特色，研究血缘立法，是丰富社会主义法律文化、构建中国特色社会主义法律体系、创新中华法系的前提和基础。     

The relationship between time spent living with kin and adolescent functioning in youth with a history of out-of-home placement

Objective

Many children in the US who are court-ordered to live in out-of-home care are placed with kinship caregivers. Few studies have examined the impact of living with kin on child well-being. This study examined the relationship between length of time living with kin and indices of adolescent well-being in a cohort of children who were initially court-ordered into out-of-home care.

Methods

Prospective cohort design with 148 youth, ages 7-12, who entered out-of-home care between May, 1990, and October, 1991. Seventy-five percent of those interviewed at T1 (6 months following placement) were interviewed at T2 (5 years later).

Results

Bivariate analyses did not demonstrate significant relationships between length of time living with kin and the outcome variables. In multivariate analyses, longer length of time living with kin was related to: (1) greater involvement in risk behaviors including: delinquency (β = .22, p < .05), sexual risk behaviors (β = .31, p < .05), substance use (β = .26, p < .05), and total risk behaviors (β = .27, p < .05), and (2) poorer life-course outcomes including: Tickets/Arrests (OR = 1.4, p < .05) and lower grades (β = −.24, p < .05). Time living with kin was not related to total competence, or self-destructive, internalizing, externalizing, or total behavior problems. There were trends (p < .10) for time living with kin to predict greater trauma symptomatology (β = .17) and suspensions (OR = 1.1).

Conclusions

There were no significant bivariate findings. The multivariate findings suggested a pattern of poorer functioning for youth who spent more time living with kin. No differences were found in current symptomatology.

Practice implications

Although findings from a single study should not dictate changes in practice or policy, the current study's findings do suggest that the field needs to conduct more methodologically sophisticated research on the impact of kinship care.     

汉英亲属称谓的差异及其翻译

汉英语言文化的差异导致两种亲属称谓系统的不同。如果直接把汉语亲属称谓移植到英语中,往往会引起意想不到的文化困惑甚至震惊。因此,了解汉英亲属称谓的差异以及差异背后的社会文化根源有助于我们从语用对等的层面正确地翻译称谓语。     

汉语拟亲属称谓语的语用分析及其汉英翻译

汉英两种语言中存在的有关拟亲属称谓的差异源于汉英两种文化的差异。文章从社交指示语的角度,结合译例分析,阐释汉语中拟亲属称谓的语用功能及其英译中出现的问题。     

汉语亲属称谓泛化成因探析

汉语亲属称谓转化为社交称谓,不仅有血缘关系的原生基础,而且有等级社会、权力框架、声望意识等诸多因素共同作用的复合根基。它的建立、维系和泛化的根本原因在于中国天子——子民的社会形态和社会伦理以及思想基础。可以说,亲属称谓的社交转用正是等级社会权力意识的反映。