Teacher Judgments of Student Reading and Math Skills: Associations With Child- and Classroom-Related Factors

The purpose of the study was to examine whether students’ linguistic skills and task-avoidant behavior (i.e., the child-related factors) and the mean level of academic skills (reading comprehension and math) of classmates (i.e., the class-related factor) are associated with teacher judgments of children’s reading comprehension and math skills. The participants were third-grade Estonian-speaking students (n?=?656; age 9?11 years) and their classroom teachers (n?=?51). The results of the structural equation modeling path analyses indicated that teachers tend to judge students showing higher academic and linguistic skills and lower avoidance behavior as higher on the reading comprehension and math skills. In contrast, the classmates’ higher academic skill level was related to lower judgments of individual children’s reading comprehension and math skills by teachers.     

The judgement processes involved in the moderation of teacher-assessed projects

Classroom-based assessments have the potential to enhance validity by facilitating the assessment of important skills that are difficult to assess in written examinations. Such assessments tend to be marked by teachers. To ensure consistent marking standards, quality assurance procedures are needed. In the context of continued debate over the robustness of assessment by teachers, this research aimed to provide insights into the cognitive and social processes involved in the moderation of project work in General Certificate of Secondary Education qualifications (taken by many 16 year olds in England). The research involved nine examiners across three subject areas ‘thinking aloud’ whilst moderating the marks given to six students (treated as a mock school). The participants were also interviewed. These methods were chosen to provide an in-depth look at the judgement processes involved. The research provides an improved understanding of moderation judgements and how aspects of this process relate to existing theories of judgement. Improving our understanding of the judgement processes involved when an examiner moderates teacher marking can help to evaluate the appropriateness of this assessment method, may contribute to debate on whether teacher marking can be sufficiently well verified by quality assurance procedures, and may inform moderation practice.     

席勒的幸福观

席勒思想的核心是对人＂自由＂问题的探讨,而＂自由＂与人的幸福密切相关。为了加深对席勒思想的认识,本论文拟从探究席勒思想诞生的文化土壤及对西方幸福观溯源梳理的基础上,深入论述席勒人性完善与自由和谐的幸福观,以此彰显席勒幸福观对当下社会和谐发展与教育的价值和意义。     

我国赛艇运动员专项知觉运动技能研究

通过问卷调查对全国13个省市476名赛艇运动员的专项知觉运动技能现状进行分析。结果发现:我国赛艇运动员的专项知觉运动技能总体水平较好,其中自身体能状态知觉运动技能水平最高,艇音知觉运动技能水平最低;男性运动员的艇平衡知觉运动技能和划桨动作状态、桨力状态知觉运动技能高于女性;大学及以上学历运动员、健将级运动员的专项知觉技能普遍优于其他学历水平和运动等级的运动员。     

The impact of physiological load on anticipation skills in badminton: From testing to training

Research remains unclear on the impact of physiological load on perceptual-cognitive skills in sport. Moreover, no study has examined the training of perceptual-cognitive skills under physiological load. The current study comprised two phases. Firstly, we examined the impact of badminton-specific physiological load on anticipatory skills in expert badminton players (n = 13), including key underlying mechanisms, such as gaze behaviour. Under high physiological load, participants displayed less efficient visual search behaviour and showed a reduction in response accuracy. Secondly, we examined the effects of combining perceptual-cognitive simulation training with the high physiological load. Ten of the expert badminton players were assigned to a combined training group, where the simulation training and the physiological load intervention occurred simultaneously or an independent training group, whereby the two components were completed independently. The combined training group showed a positive change in the efficiency of their visual search behaviours compared to the independent training group, but no significant performance improvements were found. Overall, findings demonstrate that high physiological load is detrimental to experts’ anticipatory skills. However, combining perceptual-cognitive simulation training with high physiological load can potentially negate these debilitating effects.     

Forensic child sexual abuse evaluations: assessing subjectivity and bias in professional judgements

Objectives

Evaluators examining the same evidence often arrive at substantially different conclusions in forensic assessments of child sexual abuse (CSA). This study attempts to identify and quantify subjective factors that contribute to such disagreements so that interventions can be devised to improve the reliability of case decisions.

Methods

Participants included 1106 professionals in the field of child maltreatment representing a range of professional positions or job titles and years of experience. Each completed the Child Forensic Attitude Scale (CFAS), a 28-item survey assessing 3 forensic attitudes believed to influence professional judgments about CSA allegations: emphasis-on-sensitivity (i.e., a focus on minimizing false negatives or errors of undercalling abuse); emphasis-on-specificity (i.e., a focus on minimizing false positives or errors of overcalling abuse); and skepticism toward child and adolescent reports of CSA. A subset of 605 professionals also participated in 1 of 3 diverse decision exercises to assess the influence of the 3 forensic attitudes on ratings of case credibility.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis identified 4 factors or attitude subscales that corresponded closely with the original CFAS scales: 2 subscales for emphasis-on-sensitivity and 1 each for emphasis-on-specificity and skepticism. Attitude subscale scores differed significantly by sample source (in-state trainings vs. national conferences), gender, years of experience, and professional position, with Child Protective Service workers unexpectedly more concerned about overcalling abuse and more skeptical of child disclosures than other professionals—a pattern of scores associated with an increased probability of disbelieving CSA allegations. The 3 decision exercises offered validation of the attitude subscales as predictors of professional ratings of case credibility, with adjusted R²s for the three exercises ranging from .06 to .24, suggesting highly variable effect sizes.

Conclusions

Evaluator disagreements about CSA allegations can be explained, in part, by individual differences in 3 attitudes related to forensic decision-making: emphasis-on-sensitivity, emphasis-on-specificity, and skepticism toward child reports of abuse. These attitudes operate as predispositions or biases toward viewing CSA allegations as likely true or likely false. Several strategies for curbing the influence of subjective factors are highlighted including self-awareness of personal biases and team approaches to assessment.     

在线协作学习对感知学习的影响

在线学习环境缺乏人际交互的缺点在一定程度上决定了在线学习需要依靠学习者之间的交流和协作才能维持。对于在线学习的实际成效,研究者已经开发了不同的测量工具和评价方法来对其进行测量,但由于这些工具和方法之间缺乏内在一致性,使得针对学习的直接测量十分困难,因而感知学习常被用作反映学习的指标,也被视为衡量网络教学成功的重要标志之一。影响感知学习的变量很多,既有个体层面的,也有小组层面的。以天津职业技术师范大学本科生参与的网络课程“远程教育学”为例,运用逐步回归方法进行的实证研究表明：个体层面的变量——个体的协作学习态度、与熟人的交流能力,小组层面的变量——小组任务的相互依赖、小组任务的有效分配以及社会临场感都会显著影响学习者的感知学习。     

从多态表征到置身参与:虚拟现实技术助力学科教学的价值路径

虚拟现实技术作为一种沉浸式交互虚拟系统,其教育功用应有效辐射学科教学,助力学科知识获得与学科思维培养。针对当前学科教学过程中“抽象符号→技能训练→工具思维”的现实问题,探析了虚拟现实技术在学科教学过程中的直观学习资源、知识有效应用与培养学科思维等价值;接着提出了虚拟现实助力学科教学的四种类型:独立式学科本位型、分布式学科本位型、独立式项目融合型与分布式项目融合型。最后依据虚拟现实学科教学价值与虚拟现实学科教学类型提出了虚拟现实助力学科教学的实践路径:直观资源的操作体验,指向知识内容有效获得;模拟情境的知识应用,促进知识向能力的转化;真实场景的问题解决,实现知识向思维的通达。以优化学科教学过程,为虚拟现实技术应用于教与学过程提供参考。     

Near-duplicate video detection featuring coupled temporal and perceptual visual structures and logical inference based matching

We propose in this paper an architecture for near-duplicate video detection based on: (i) index and query signature based structures integrating temporal and perceptual visual features and (ii) a matching framework computing the logical inference between index and query documents. As far as indexing is concerned, instead of concatenating low-level visual features in high-dimensional spaces which results in curse of dimensionality and redundancy issues, we adopt a perceptual symbolic representation based on color and texture concepts. For matching, we propose to instantiate a retrieval model based on logical inference through the coupling of an N-gram sliding window process and theoretically-sound lattice-based structures. The techniques we cover are robust and insensitive to general video editing and/or degradation, making it ideal for re-broadcasted video search. Experiments are carried out on large quantities of video data collected from the TRECVID 02, 03 and 04 collections and real-world video broadcasts recorded from two German TV stations. An empirical comparison over two state-of-the-art dynamic programming techniques is encouraging and demonstrates the advantage and feasibility of our method.     

Holistic competence: Putting judgements first

Professional practice can be conceptualised holistically, and in fact during the 1990s the ‘Australian model’ of integrated or holistic competence emerged empirically. This piece outlines that story, and then develops a more rigorous conceptual analysis of what it is to make competent practical judgements, through inferences, in context-specific and accountable ways (such as to one’s peer group of professionals, or to the public). Current research interest in the Schonian swamp-like messiness of judgements (e.g. in clinical medicine) is drawn upon to advance a new epistemology of practice, which takes seriously the ‘know how’ of real work situations, as the basis for a revival of Aristotelianphronesis. Part 2 of this paper is based on Beckett (2004). Quotations are data from a UTS project on professionals’ workplace learning, directed by Paul Hager and David Beckett (2000-1).