社交中程式化语言的功能及变异

程式化语言是人类交际中一种极其普遍而复杂的语言现象。它在交际中起着减少投入、增加互动的重要作用。是地道流畅表达的关键。同时，作为一种社会语言现象，程式化语言受各种社会因素的影响而呈现差异。因此。了解并积累各种语境下的程式化语言是成功交际的前提。     

A Grasshopperian Analysis of the Strategic Foul

The question of acceptability in respect to the strategic foul in sport has provoked a rich and seemingly irreconcilable dispute with normative theorists currently divided amongst three schools of thought including formalism, conventionalism and interpretivism. In this paper, I seek to transcend the three-way intellectual stalemate portrayed in the literature via a consideration as to whether or not the strategic foul qualifies as ‘Utopian’. More specifically, after demonstrating that Bernard Suits’ theory of game-playing is fully capable of embracing all three rival accounts, I seek to end the normative debate altogether via a conceptual analysis of the strategic foul as unacceptable via the higher-order point of view afforded by essentialism.     

论美国学校道德教育中的道德传统主义

在美国学校道德教育发展的进程中,道德传统主义的作用举足轻重、不可忽视。道德传统主义希望传承道德传统,并维护社会及道德秩序的稳定。其哲学基点是至善、人性阴暗和道德德性,导致它在道德教育中倡导普遍道德价值,推行干预和控制的教育策略,倡导灌输和教导的教育方法。     

Action theory and the value of sport

I present a corrective to the formalist and conventionalist down-playing of physical actions in the understanding of the value of sport. I give a necessarily brief account of the Causal Theory of Action (CTA) and its implications for the normativity of actions. I show that the CTA has limitations, particularly in the case of failed or incomplete actions, and I show that failed or incomplete actions are constitutive of sport. This allows me to open up the space for another model, drawn from Aristotle, for failed or incomplete actions, conceived of as ‘doables.’ This avoids some of the problems of the CTA. I explain the importance of difficult but doable actions, at which athletes often fail, and suggest that this establishes pro tanto value. Finally, I claim that this account of the actions that are constitutive of sport deepens our understanding of the value of sport as a whole.