运动中的酸碱平衡与碱盐摄入

采用文献资料法对人体酸碱平衡机制进行分析研究,并对碱盐摄入与对运动员成绩的影响进行了探讨,结果认为适当碱盐摄入对提高运动成绩有帮助.     

Entering the occupational category of ‘Farmer’: new pathways through professional agricultural education in Ireland

Purpose: Understand the emergence of new potential career trajectories in the liberalised Irish dairy farming sector through analysis of the narratives of students of a Professional Diploma in Dairy Farm Management

Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature highlights that entry to a working life in agriculture has been characterised by protracted farm succession processes; a strong association between being a farmer and owning land in the family name; lingering male identities esteeming manual labour; and a pragmatic need at farm level for manual work. The abolition of milk quota in 2015 was predicted to catalyse expansion of production on dairy farms with an increase in milk production; accompanied by a demand for qualified personnel. The BNIM method was employed.

Findings: Results confirm that agricultural education is perceived and experienced as offering new pathways for young farmers to enter the occupational category of ‘farmer’, helping to manoeuvre around the constraints of non-inheritance. The students’ narratives evidenced managerial identities, being strongly influenced by encountering management approaches through their agricultural education. All students desired to eventually own a farm someday and to be to employed as a professional dairy farm manager was a perceived as an intermediary goal.

Practical implication: Discontinuation of the traditional family farming model based on family farm/land ownership is not imminent even among a cohort qualified to become employed dairy farm managers.

Theoretical implication: This paper contributes to theoretical framework which highlights the shift in farmer masculine identity and the career trajectory of graduates of specialised agricultural education programmes.     

中华乳品考

作为中华美食的乳品,其食用历史悠久。从西汉至明清各主要历史时期的史书记载来看,中华乳品经历了从北方独享到中原推广、从品种单一到种类丰富、从食用为主到多种用途兼含药用价值的发展历程。从中可以发现,乳品的出现、传播和推广是自然环境、社会环境以及个体接受程度等因素共同作用的结果。     

FMCG供应链风险综合评价研究——以中国乳制品供应链为例

<正>如供应链管理专家Christopher所言,21世纪是供应链的时代,快速消费品(FMCG)企业如何在这供应链管理的时代对供应链风险进行管控将是一项富有挑战性的任务。从供应链风险管理的基本理论出发,在前人研究的基础之上对FMCG供应链的风险进行分析,提出适用于FMCG供应链的风险评估指标,并采用模糊综合评价分析法对中国乳制品供应链的风险情况进行综合分析。根据分析的结果,FMCG供应链应当加强供应链渠道建设、流程管理和风险预警机制等方面的措施以提高供应链系统抵抗风险的"免疫力"。     

武术、体操女运动员最大有氧工作能力的预测

为准确预测运动员的最大吸氧量,本文对武术、体操女运动员定量工作时的心率、氧脉搏、肺通气量等生理指标,通过计算机分析处理,选择其中较显著的因素建立了三个最优逐步回归方程。通过验证,其预测结果能准确反映运动员的身体工作能力。     

低氧训练过程中大鼠体重及能量代谢的变化

目的：研究低氧训练过程中大鼠体重、体成分、能量摄入及静息代谢率的变化，初步探讨低氧训练过程中大鼠体重变化与能量代谢变化间关系。方法：经过适应性训练筛选出的50只SD大鼠平均分为5组，保证每组大鼠体重基本一致，随机分为常氧安静组、常氧限食组、常氧训练组、低氧安静组、低氧训练组。训练组大鼠采用水平动物跑台进行耐力训练6周。试验期间每周称量大鼠体重，每3天称量一次大鼠食物摄入量。试验前、试验1周、3周、5周末测定大鼠静息代谢率，试验后处死大鼠并剥离其肾周、腹股沟脂肪及腓肠肌，称量其重量。结果：低氧训练组大鼠体重增幅除在第6周末与常氧训练组无显著性差异外，均显著性低于其他试验组，试验前3周其体重出现负增长。试验后低氧训练组大鼠肾周及腹股沟脂肪总含量显著低于其他试验组，而腓肠肌重量与其他组无显著性差异。低氧训练组大鼠试验期间总食物摄入量较其他各组大鼠低，尤其在前3周。低氧训练组大鼠静息代谢率先上升而后逐渐下降，至试验3周末时仍高于试验前值，试验5周末时降至低于试验前值（差异不显著），而除低氧安静组外的其他组大鼠静息代谢率则持续下降，至试验5周末时均显著性低于试验前水平。结论：从减缓体重增加幅度及对体成分的影响角度看，低氧训练减体重的效果优于限制饮食、耐力训练及低氧暴露。低氧训练过程中食物摄入量减少及静息代谢率增加可能是大鼠体重增长减缓的原因。     

Childhood maltreatment and high dietary fat intake behaviors in adulthood: A birth cohort study

Childhood maltreatment has been associated with a wide range of chronic medical conditions including obesity, other metabolic events and eating disorders. However, little is known about the association between childhood maltreatment and high dietary fat intake. This study addresses the extent to which co-occurring and specific forms of substantiated childhood maltreatment are associated with self-reported high dietary fat intake in adulthood and whether there is a gender–childhood maltreatment interaction in predicting this association. The study also examines the association between age at substantiation of maltreatment, number of childhood maltreatment substantiations and high dietary fat intake-related behaviors. The data were from a prospective Australian pre-birth mother-child dyads study, the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy. The study followed 7223 mother-child dyads following the birth of a live, singleton baby at the Mater hospital. Recruitment was early in pregnancy, and then follow-ups at 3–5 days postpartum and again when the child was 6 months, 5, 14 and 21 years of age. The data were linked to agency-substantiated cases of childhood maltreatment 0–14 years. This study extended the data linkage to 3766 (47.4% female) participants who had complete data on dietary fat intake behaviors at the 21-year follow-up. Consecutive logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals for high dietary fat intake for multiple and specific forms of childhood maltreatment, as well as age at and number of childhood maltreatment substantiations. Finally, a gender–childhood maltreatment interaction term was used to predict the outcome. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, substantiated childhood maltreatment including physical abuse were associated with high dietary fat intake-related behaviors. Similarly, substantiation of childhood maltreatment between the ages of 5 and 14 years was significantly associated with high dietary fat intake-related behaviors as were two or more substantiations of maltreatment. Inclusion of gender–childhood maltreatment interaction only had a minor impact on the size and direction of the association. Chronic and severe forms of childhood maltreatment including physical abuse are associated with a higher rate of dietary fat intake in young adulthood. Further research to replicate this association might focus on possible neuro-hormonal mechanisms that might explain this behavior.     

原料乳及其成品乳中重金属污染的研究

为了给消费者提供乳制品质量参考,对山东省某乳制品企业的原料乳和成品乳随机抽样,用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定了其中铅、铬、汞和砷等重金属的含量．结果表明,该企业的原料乳和成品乳都存在不同程度的铅、铬、汞和砷等重金属污染,其中,部分原料乳铅含量严重超出国家食品质量安全标准,成品乳铅含量轻微超标．     

奶牛LF基因5’-UTR多态性与子宫感染和生殖参数的相关性分析

乳铁蛋白（Lactoferrin,LF）是牛子宫分泌物中一种重要的抗菌化合物,LF等位基因多态性会影响子宫感染的敏感性和耐药性。本次试验以89头荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,通过AS-PCR方法和基因测序技术研究了牛LF基因5’非编码区的SNPs。研究结果表明,感染疾病组和未感染疾病组的LF基因5’-UTR扩增片段均发生G→C碱基突变。统计分析表明LF基因5’UTR的SNP与子宫感染没有显著相关性（P〉0.05）,CC基因型个体和CG基因型个体在输精次数和空怀天数水平上显著低于GG基因型个体（P〈0.05）,此外,产后第一次配种时间在3种基因型间没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

乳业与城市近代化：以抗战时期西安市为中心的考察

分析了近代以来西安乳业兴起的原因、发展过程,以及乳业发展与城市近代化的关系.认为陇海铁路的通车及抗战引发的人口西迁,推动了抗战时期西安市乳业的兴起,虽然当时的乳牛饲养、乳制品生产等处于原始发展阶段,但乳业的发展,在很大程度上改变了市区民众的饮食习惯,促进着西安城市近代化发展.