The impact of PISA and the interrelation and development of assessment policy and assessment theory in Japan

PISA presents a new image for academic achievement, which has prompted Japanese education reforms over the past decade to innovate teaching and learning for ‘PISA-style literacy’. Supported by theoretical foundations, particularly with regard to the concept of ‘PISA literacy’ and ‘authentic assessment’, these reforms have accomplished progress in the focus on higher order competencies, such as application and the development of new assessment strategies. However, more recently, various critical discussions of ‘PISA literacy’ are underway in the Japanese academy. They interrogate it more critically and reveal the narrow emphasis on functional application and technical operation. Current assessment practices, which tend to fall into ‘criteria compliance’, are in urgent need of review. There is a need to extend the critical discussions in progress to the new assessment strategies. This paper responds to this, by considering the Japanese acceptance of ‘PISA literacy’ and its assessment, discussing the features and limitations.     

Orienting Schools Toward Equity: Subgroup Accountability Pressure and School-Level Responses

Abstract

This article examines school-level responses to subgroup accountability pressure through an ethnographic case study of a school cited for failing to make adequate yearly progress for student subgroups. Concerns about the calculations and measures used to derive the citation and reservations about acting on accountability data delegitimized the citation and rendered the identified subgroups irrelevant to daily practice. Under district guidance, compliance with subgroup accountability was independent of the school's internal efforts to promote equity.     

宗教与社会主义相适应理论探源

宗教与社会主义相适应理论的提出与贯彻，是中国共产党人在新的历史时期的宗教理论的最大亮点，这一理论可以追溯到马克思主义经典作家关于宗教问题的论述，但主要还是基于我国宗教问题的长期性和复杂性这一现实前提，同时又结合了宗教在当代社会的新的发展变化而提出的。这是我党对于马克思主义宗教理论的重大贡献，体现了我党坚持真理、实事求是的优良传统和与时俱进的开拓精神。     

How online gamers’ participation fosters their team commitment: Perspective of social identity theory

Online games are highly popular applications. While online gamers actively participate in gaming teams, no study has yet explored whether gamers have sufficient teamwork knowledge and have accumulated sufficient team participation experience. These likely strengthen team commitment, but we do not know, indicating a research gap. Research filling this gap could shed light on useful means for enhancing gamers’ team commitment. Grounded in social identity theory, we theorize the mechanism that links gamers’ overall gaming team participation experience and overall gaming teamwork knowledge to their team commitment. We collect two-wave data from 344 online gamers that have played massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) and use structural equation modelling for data analysis. We find that overall team participation experience is positively related to gaming team identification, while overall teamwork knowledge is positively related to compliance with gaming team norms. Both team identification and norm compliance are positively related to gaming team commitment. This study is the first to clarify the mechanism underlying the impacts of overall gaming team participation experience and overall gaming teamwork knowledge on gamers’ team commitment. Our findings provide the practical insight that game designers should incorporate game features that require or reward gamers’ participation in gaming teams or enhance gaming teamwork knowledge, thus strengthening gamers’ team commitment.     

维特根斯坦"遵从规则"悖论及方法论启示

维特根斯坦在其后期的哲学研究中提出了遵从规则悖论。对此悖论,克里普克等人分别从怀疑论等角度提出了各自的解读方案。后来维特根斯坦为了消除人们对悖论的误读,他用语言游戏说及其方法论来解释“遵从规则”。维特根斯坦的语言游戏说认为,只有在语言游戏的实践中,才能谈得上遵从规则,才能理解语言的意义,才能体验到生活的价值,悖论也只有放到实践中才能解决。     

通信作者不当署名行为界定及规则改进

通信作者是特殊的署名类型,存在特殊的学术不端行为。通信作者的职责是完成论文通信事宜,其不当署名具体表现为标注不适格、侵犯其他作者署名权、未履行通信作者义务。良善的通信作者制度设计可以有效预防不当署名等学术不端行为,而现有的通信作者制度难以胜任。其改革应从制定通信作者署名规则、完善通信作者奖励机制、推行合作作者贡献声明3个方面进行。通过精细的角色分工、公正的奖励机制、科学的责任分配等方式,减少纠纷、促进协作。     

基于目标框架的信息系统安全提示遵从意愿研究

为确定在使用信息系统进行操作决策的过程中,用户对何种目标框架的安全提示更为遵从,在对安全提示情境进行界定和分类的基础上,以系统用户为对象,设计E-prime情境实验并运用后测问卷分析方法,采用“接收刺激—大脑反应—动作响应”（S—O—R）模式分析用户从接受刺激到作出反应的全过程,研究不同目标框架下用户遵从意愿的差异性。研究发现：较之于负性目标框架,正性目标框架的安全提示更能增强用户的遵从意愿,且不同性别用户在正性目标框架下的遵从意愿程度不同;而在不同学历水平的个体差异下,框架效应的作用无差异。基于此,提出根据用户的性别差异设计不同信息描述的安全提示,同时保证内容表述的可理解性和可遵从性等对策建议,以促进信息系统安全提示完善、增强用户的遵从意愿。     

The influence of race length on arterial compliance following an ultra-endurance marathon

There is inconclusive evidence concerning the effects of routine participation in ultra-endurance events on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Arterial compliance is a reliable, non-invasive, and effective tool for evaluating CVD risk. The purpose of this research was to examine if race length influences acute changes in arterial compliance following an ultra-marathon event. A total of 46 ultra-marathon runners were recruited including 21 participants (39.8?±?8.3?years, 6 females) in the 80-km event and 25 participants (43.7?±?9.8?years, 3 female) in the 195-km event. Arterial compliance was measured via radial applanation tonometry (CR-2000, HDI) for diastolic pulse contour analysis before and following the race. Significant between-group differences were found for changes in large arterial compliance with a decrease (increase in stiffness) following the 195-km event and an increase following the 80-kilometre event (p?<?.05). Longer race lengths are associated with greater reductions in large arterial compliance following recreational ultra-marathon running. Assessment of arterial compliance might be a useful prognostic tool to assess the long-term risk of CVD among ultra-marathon runners.     

基于农户履约心理动机的博弈研究

为了实现国家农业产业化的战略布局,供应链管理被引入到农产品经营中,但是农业极度分散的生产经营特点使得这种管理方式的应用效果大打折扣,生产协作组织的稳定性、协调性和有效性成为阻碍供应链管理理论在农业领域应用的主要瓶颈。分析农产品供应链中农户与企业履约决策的影响因素,并在此基础上运用博弈论和行为经济学理论建立履约动机模型,得出基于"公平"和"善意"的履约条件,进而据此提出相应的管理建议。