The effect of anticipated achievement feedback on students' semantic processing as indicated by the N400 cloze effect

The present study examined the effects of anticipated achievement feedback on students' semantic processing on the neural level, using event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Participants (N = 79) anticipated either self-referential or normative achievement feedback regarding an announced upcoming test. Additionally, their performance expectations (low vs. no expectations) were orthogonally manipulated. Subsequently, students' on-line semantic processing was assessed by measuring the N400 cloze effect, a component in the EEG signal of which the amplitude is associated with semantic processing. Within the low performance-expectation condition, no effect of anticipated feedback on semantic processing was found. Within the no-performance-expectation condition, participants anticipating self-referential feedback showed a more widely distributed N400 cloze effect than participants anticipating normative feedback. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the mere expectation of a particular type of feedback can affect students' semantic processes.     

空虚·彷徨·过失——约翰·契弗短篇小说人物的心路历程

约翰.契弗以一个练达的社会学家特有的犀利目光观察美国现代社会,尤其是居住在纽约郊区中产阶级的生活方式和道德观念。他坚持描绘客观现实,描绘普通人的普通生活。契弗透过和谐、安逸、平静的生活表层,揭示了美国人内心世界的空虚、彷徨、孤独和恐惧。     

空虚·彷徨·过失——约翰·契弗短篇小说人物的心路历程

约翰.契弗以一个练达的社会学家特有的犀利目光观察美国现代社会,尤其是居住在纽约郊区中产阶级的生活方式和道德观念。他坚持描绘客观现实,描绘普通人的普通生活。契弗透过和谐、安逸、平静的生活表层,揭示了美国人内心世界的空虚、彷徨、孤独和恐惧。     

《合同法》中的不安抗辩权

1999年3月,我国颁布的《合同法》结束了我国长期缺乏统一合同法的历史.它在保留不安抗辩制度的同时,吸收了预期违约制度的一些思想,从而形成了有中国特色的不安抗辩权制度.本文着重对不安抗辩权的立法渊源、适用条件、法律效力、合理性等重要问题作了分析,并有针对性地提出了一些完善不安抗辩权制度的建议.     

Interactive effects of guilt and moral disengagement on bullying,defending and outsider behavior

We examined the moderating effect of guilt on the associations between moral disengagement and bullying, defending and outsider behaviors in a sample of 404 students (203 boys; M_age = 11.09 years; SD = 1.48). Bullying, defending and outsider behavior were assessed through peer nominations, whereas guilt and moral disengagement were assessed by self-reports. Results showed that moral disengagement was associated with high levels of bullying and low levels of defending. Guilt was negatively associated with bullying and positively with defending. A moderating effect for guilt was also found: increasing levels of moral disengagement contributed to more bullying and outsider behavior, and to less defending, among students with low levels of guilt. The current research broadens the extant literature, showing the combined effects of guilt and moral disengagement on bullying-related behaviors.     

Reexamining the Link Between Cultivation Factors and Viewer Involvement: Investigating Viewing Amount as a Catalyst for the Transportation Process

In an effort to expand on prior cultivation research involving narrative processing (Bilandzic &; Busselle, 2008 Bilandzic , H. , &; Busselle , R. W. ( 2008 ). Transportation and transportability in the cultivation of genre-consistent attitudes and estimates . Journal of Communication , 58 ( 3 ), 508 – 529 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460–2466.2008.00397.x [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), this study examined the interrelationships between viewing amount and the transportation process. Results showed that transportation mediated the relationship between genre-specific television viewing and perceived realism, while overall television viewing directly predicted reduced counterarguing. In addition, structural equation modeling was employed to test a combined cultivation-transportation model leading to changes in viewer excessive drinking perceptions. Findings indicated that genre-specific television viewing indirectly influenced beliefs through increased transportation. Conversely, a significant, direct path was found between overall viewing and excessive drinking beliefs, supporting the original cultivation perspective.     

“Why Aren’t You a Sassy Little Thing”: The Effects of Robot-Enacted Guilt Trips on Credibility and Consensus in a Negotiation

Robots are becoming increasingly popular in social applications and have demonstrated effectiveness in a variety of contexts such as education, health, task management, and other complex cooperative roles. The purpose of this study was to examine human–robot interaction in a nonassistive environment: a negotiation scenario. Specifically, the authors examined what effect message appeals (guilt trip, no guilt trip) and robot agency (principal, agent) had on the negotiation outcomes and perceptions of credibility. Results indicated a significant main effect of agency and an interaction effect between agency and guilt messaging on perceptions of robot credibility such that participants rated a robot agent employing no guilt trips as more credible than one negotiating as principal or one utilizing guilt trips. Neither guilt nor agency had a significant effect on the overall concession of the negotiation task.     

Psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography

BackgroundThe majority of studies investigating child pornography have focused on conceptualizing the problem and the harm of the crime, evaluating the risk for child pornography offending, or discuss preventive measures. Little is known about survivors of this type of crime.ObjectiveThis research explores the relationship between child pornography victimization and psychopathology in adulthood. Specifically, we examined the contribution of emotional reactions at the time of the crime and shortly after (guilt, embarrassment and avoidance) on psychopathology among adult survivors of child pornography.Participants and settingThe study was conducted among 107 child pornography adult survivors, aged 18–63 (M = 39.48, SD = 12.31). All participants were sexually molested during the crime.MethodsAn online survey was completed by a convenience sample of adult survivors of child pornography.ResultsFindings indicate survivor’s current age predicted current psychopathology symptoms. Survivor’s emotional reactions of guilt and embarrassment at the time of the crime and shortly after were significantly associated with elevated psychopathology, above and beyond demographic characteristics and features of the crime.ConclusionsThe present results suggest the way survivors of child pornography react to the crime might shape their mental health in the long term.     

内容与形式的双重变奏——关于《蛙》的两组关键词

莫言的小说《蛙》的情节主要是通过“负罪”与“救赎”来表现的,并且在此基础上又引出了原罪以及“救赎”的虚无等更深层次的思索。《蛙》在形式上采用了书信体与对话体,这不仅是莫言在形式上标新立异的追求,更是为了文章内容的表达,有利于对非公开内容的表达以及对自我的剖析。文章通过分析与《蛙》相关的两组关键词：负罪与救赎、书信体与对话体,从内容与形式两个方面来表现对《蛙》的理解。     

Early maltreatment is associated with greater risk of conduct problems and lack of guilt in adolescence

Previous research indicates a link between childhood maltreatment and elevated conduct problems. Yet the literature is less clear on associations between maltreatment and callousness (e.g., lack of empathy or guilt). This is a critical gap given that callousness is a robust predictor of serious aggressive and violent behavior. We examine the association between substantiated maltreatment events in childhood and adolescence (up to age 13) and conduct problems and lack of guilt at age 14. We analyze self- and parent-report data along with official maltreatment records on 557 youth (50% female; 69% non-white) from a larger dataset (Longitudinal Studies on Childhood Abuse and Neglect; N = 1354). Results of multinomial logistic regression models indicate that youth with histories of substantiated maltreatment events are more likely to have elevated conduct problems and decreased guilt at age 14, particularly if they experienced maltreatment before the age of four years old. Youth who exhibit conduct problems and also appear to lack guilt are more likely to have a personal history of substantiated maltreatment. We discuss our results in terms of their implications for theory and practice.