Four Flows theory and materiality: ISIL’s use of material resources in its communicative constitution

This paper extends Four Flows theory by showing how its agency-related assumptions can explain the role played by materials in the communicative constitution of organizations (CCO). Analysis of Dabiq – the propaganda periodical of ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) – illustrates how members of the complex organization engaged in activity coordination to position the organization through communication strategies such as instantiation, cooptation, and intertextual allusions. These institutional positioning strategies are themselves partially material, and we show how they function together with still other material resources as part-whole appeals in which the material part is projected to represent the whole of the organization’s image and meaning across time and space. Each part-whole appeal is predicated on how the organization attributes meaning to its material resources. Implications for CCO theory are included.     

间歇性低氧训练对小鼠机体细胞色素氧化酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶的影响

目的:探讨间歇性低氧训练对小鼠有氧代谢酶细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)含量的影响。方法:经典方法测试间歇性低氧训练心肌、脑、股四头肌中CCO、SDH的含量。结果:心肌组织中,低氧训练组(EHG)比对照组(CG)和运动组(EG)及低氧组(HG)中CCO和SDH含量均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);脑组织中,EHG中CCO含量最高,和CG、EG及HG均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),EHG比CG和EG中SDH含量均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),EHG比HG的SDH含量有显著性差异(P<0.05);股四头肌组织中,EHG中CCO含量最高,其中EHG与CG有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),与EG和HG皆无显著性差异(P>0.05),EHG中SDH的含量最高,其中EHG和CG有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),和HG及EG有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:间歇性低氧训练可以提高小鼠心肌、脑组织及股四头肌中CCO和SDH的含量,可以提高机体的有氧代谢能力,为此训练方法运用到运动训练提供科学的理论依据。