北美独立战争中的大陆军探析

独立战争时期,美国主要靠招募志愿兵组成了一支正规军——大陆军,当然大陆军在组建之初还称不上是一支正规军,用大陆军总司令华盛顿的话说,只是一群乌合之众,历经华盛顿艰苦卓绝的改革后才成长为一支名副其实的正规军。大陆军具有规模小、服役期短、兵员征召受到州权牵制等特点,虽然为大陆军征募兵员的工作费尽千辛万苦,但最终的结果是依然征不满员。所以,颇受人非议的民兵还是一次次地被派上战场,以弥补人力不足。民兵和大陆军协同作战,逐渐形成了以大陆军为主、以民兵为辅的两级军事体制。     

民团首领徐学功

19世纪60、70年代，新疆北部一带的民团首领徐学功屡次阻击阿枯柏、抵御沙俄侵略和截击白彦虎的骚扰，为保卫边疆奋斗终生，其功绩在民间广为流传。     

Responses to nonverbal intimacy change in romantic dyads: Effects of behavioral valence and degree of behavioral change on nonverbal and verbal reactions

Various theories of nonverbal adaptation feature behavioral valence (i.e., positive vs. negative behavior) and degree of behavioral change (e.g., very low vs. low intimacy) as critical elements affecting whether changes in nonverbal intimacy are met with reciprocity or compensation. The present study, which utilizes data from 100 romantic dyads, makes comparisons across five conditions: very low intimacy, low intimacy, very high intimacy, high intimacy, and a no change (control) condition. Repeated measures analyses of variance showed that targets in the two high intimacy conditions reciprocated their partners' intimacy change by appearing more nonverbally involved and pleasant and engaging in more verbal intimacy. Targets in the two low intimacy conditions also reciprocated by becoming less nonverbally pleasant and fluent as well as more verbally hostile. However, these targets also used verbal repair strategies, thereby showing some degree of compensation. Targets in the very low intimacy condition also became more vocally anxious and less composed after their partners decreased intimacy. Targets in the very low intimacy condition were abo particularly likely to engage in verbal repair strategies. These and other findings are discussed in light of their implications for applying theories of nonverbal intimacy exchange to the context of romantic relationships.     

北宋乡兵述论

在中国古代历史上,北宋是一个积贫积弱的王朝,长期奉行“守内虚外”的消极战略。因为边防线过于绵长,禁军的数量远不能满足需要。为了有效地防御辽和西夏,以及对付西南地区少数民族部族的袭扰,北宋政府在边境地区征募了大量乡兵协助禁军戍守和作战,特别在西北的宋夏边境和西南的少数民族地区,乡兵逐渐成为巩固边防和维持对少数民族地区统治的军事中坚力量。