Conceptions of giftedness and expertise put to the empirical test

Recent handbooks of giftedness or expertise propose a plethora of conceptions on the development of excellent performance but, to our knowledge, there are no comparative studies that provide empirical evidence of their validity to guide researchers and practitioners in their adoption of a particular conception. This study sought to close that gap by conducting an empirical comparison of the major approaches to giftedness and expertise currently in use: the IQ model, the performance model, the moderator model, and the systemic model. The four models were tested in a longitudinal study with a sample of N = 350 German students attending university preparatory schools; 25% of the sample had been assigned to special classes for the gifted. The construct and predictive validity of the four models were tested by means of structural equation modeling. Theoretical considerations along with our results indicated a differentiation among the models whereby some could only predict while others could also explain the emergence of excellent performance and thereby yield valuable information for the design of interventions. The empirical comparison of the approaches showed that they were unequally suited for the two challenges. For prediction purposes, the performance approach proved best while, for explanations, the moderator and systemic approaches were the most promising candidates. Even so, the latter did demonstrate conceptual and/or methodological problems. The IQ approach was superseded by the other approaches on both prediction and explanation. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.     

The Surprisingly Modest Relationship Between SES and Educational Achievement

Measures of socioeconomic status (SES) are routinely used in analyses of achievement data to increase statistical power, statistically control for the effects of SES, and enhance causality arguments under the premise that the SES-achievement relationship is moderate to strong. Empirical evidence characterizing the strength of the SES-achievement relationship and its moderators suggests that this relationship is surprisingly modest, with an average SES-achievement correlation of .22, although it appears to have strengthened in the past 3 decades. The modest SES-achievement relationship has important implications for using SES measures in educational data analyses. We provide evidence of this relationship and of the need to use theoretical models to guide the construction and selection of SES measures in analyses of achievement data.     

A Study of Psychological Capital＇s Impact on Innovative Behavior of Scientific and Technological Personnel： The Moderating Role of Knowledge Work Difficulty

科技人员的创新不仅要依靠物质资本、人力资本和社会资本,还需要有积极的心理状态。通过对264名科技人员心理资本对创新行为的影响以及知识作业难度在其中的调节作用进行问卷调研,研究发现,心理资本的两个方面——事务型心理资本和人际型心理资本,都对创新行为具有促进作用。主要表现在事务型心理资本的奋发进取、乐观希望、自信勇敢三个维度和人际型心理资本的包容宽恕、谦虚诚稳、感恩奉献三个维度对创新行为具有正向作角;知识作业难度越大,乐观希望、自信勇敢和感恩奉献对创新行为的促进作用越明显,而奋发进取对创新行为的促进作用减弱。     

Persuasive impact of loss and gain frames on intentions to exercise: A test of six moderators

The current study situated loss/gain-framing research in the extended parallel process model and tested whether two message features (dose, efficacy appeals) and four individual difference variables (walking self-efficacy, grit, consideration of future consequences, health information overload (HIO)) moderated the impact of message framing on intentions to engage in physical activity. Adults (N?=?341, M_age?=?38.09, SD?=?10.94) were randomly assigned to one of eight message conditions advocating exercise behavior. All four individual difference variables significantly moderated framing effects such that gain-framed messages were more effective for individuals with lower walking self-efficacy, grit, and consideration of future consequences and loss-framed messages were significantly more effective for individuals with higher walking self-efficacy, grit, consideration of future consequences, and for those with lower HIO.     

房企高管团队多样性与企业绩效关系的调节因素

企业高管团队成员往往具有不同的人口统计特征,这种多样性往往会给企业绩效带来诸多挑战,如何有效地管理多样性就显得尤为重要。通过对2010年房地产行业113家上市公司的实证分析．本研究发现高管团队年龄多样性与企业绩效负相关,两权分离度对高管团队年龄多样性和企业绩效的关系具有调节作用。两权分离度越高,高管团队年龄多样性对企业绩效的负面影响越小;而两权分离度越低,年龄多样性对企业绩效的负面影响则越大。、研究结果对于企业加强高管团队多样性管理具有借鉴意义。     

科技人员心理资本对创新行为的影响研究:以知识作业难度为调节变量

科技人员的创新不仅要依靠物质资本、人力资本和社会资本,还需要有积极的心理状态。通过对264名科技人员心理资本对创新行为的影响以及知识作业难度在其中的调节作用进行问卷调研,研究发现,心理资本的两个方面——事务型心理资本和人际型心理资本,都对创新行为具有促进作用。主要表现在事务型心理资本的奋发进取、乐观希望、自信勇敢三个维度和人际型心理资本的包容宽恕、谦虚诚稳、感恩奉献三个维度对创新行为具有正向作用;知识作业难度越大,乐观希望、自信勇敢和感恩奉献对创新行为的促进作用越明显,而奋发进取对创新行为的促进作用减弱。     

企业进行外部研发提升了创新绩效吗?——基于Meta整合及Meta回归分析

基于70篇共146项相互独立的关于企业外部研发与创新绩效关系的实证研究样本,本文运用Meta分析方法探讨了内、外向型外部研发及其各维度与企业创新绩效的关系,结果表明：企业内向型、外向型外部研发对于创新绩效均具有显著的正向影响;内向型外部研发中合作引进(产学研、合资)、购买引进(购买技术、设备或服务)、外包与创新绩效的关系逐步减弱;外向型外部研发中承接外包与创新绩效呈中等强度正相关,但是授权技术与创新绩效相关关系结果不显著。此外,文化因素、中介变量存在情况、创新绩效类型会影响外部研发与创新绩效的关系。     

Community-level moderators of a school-based childhood sexual assault prevention program

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is highly prevalent and associated with a wide variety of negative mental and physical health outcomes. School-based CSA education and prevention programs have shown promise, but it is unclear to what extent community-level characteristics are related to their effectiveness. The present cluster randomized controlled trial evaluated community-level moderators of the Safe@Lastprogramcomparedtoawaitlistcontrolcondition.(*) Knowledge gains from pre- to post-intervention were assessed in 5 domains: safe versus unsafe people; safe choices; problem-solving; clear disclosure; and assertiveness. Participants were 1177 students (46% White, 26% African American, 15% Hispanic, 4% Asian American, 6% Other) in grades 1 through 6 from 14 public schools in Tennessee. Multilevel models accounting for the nesting of children within schools revealed large effect sizes for the intervention versus control across all knowledge domains (d’s ranged from 1.56 to 2.13). The effectiveness of the program was moderated by mean per capita income and rates of substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect in the community. Intervention effects were stronger for youth living in lower as compared to higher income counties, and for youth attending schools in counties with lower as compared to higher abuse/neglect rates. Child characteristics (sex, race) did not moderate intervention effects. This research identified two community-level factors that predicted the effectiveness of a CSA education and prevention program designed to improve children’s knowledge of personal safety skills. School-based CSA prevention programs may require modification for communities with higher rates of child abuse and neglect.     

Effectiveness of computer-based treatment for dyslexia in a clinical care setting: outcomes and moderators

The clinical effectiveness of a treatment for children with dyslexia was examined, as well as the moderating impact of plausible cognitive and socio-economic factors on treatment success. Results revealed that the treatment group accrued significant greater gains than the control group in reading and spelling skills. The treatment group obtained a level of reading accuracy and spelling that was comparable with the normative mean. Post-treatment levels of reading rate were comparable to the lower bound of the normal range. Treatment effectiveness was robust against individual differences, except for a moderating impact of phonological memory and rapid automatized naming.     

智力资本与企业创新关系的Meta分析

智力资本与企业创新关系的研究是知识管理领域的热点问题之一。研究在文献梳理的基础上,提出了智力资本与企业创新之间关系的假设模型。通过国内外主要文献数据库的查找,以及离群值和偏倚性检验,最终获得48篇相互独立的样本文献。经Meta分析方法处理后,得到了以下结论:智力资本对企业创新具有显著的正向影响作用;智力资本对企业创新的影响随时间因素和文化差异的变化而变化;当智力资本为多维结构或两者之间存在中介变量时,智力资本对企业创新的作用更显著。