必然与自由范畴在近代西方哲学中的演进

经验论强调认识的受动性，夸大了必然，否认了自由；唯理论则夸大了理智的能动作用，并在不同程度上承认意志自由，也没能解决好必然与自由的关系。德国古典哲学视必然与自由为最高范畴，并揭示了必然与自由的辩证关系。但以黑格尔为代表的德国古典哲学家，站在思辨唯心主义立场上，也没能真正解决这个问题。费尔巴哈在唯物主义的立场上阐述了必然与自由范畴，但它既缺乏认识论的高度；更没有把广阔的历史领域放在视野之内，因而他只能达到旧唯物主义所能达到的高度。只有马克思主义哲学，才真正科学地阐明了必然与自由范畴。

The evolution of the categories of necessity and freedom in modern western Philosophy

Empiricism emphasized the passivity of cognition, exaggerated the necessity and denied freedom; Rationalism exaggerated the activity of reason, admitted the freedom of will to some degree, it hasn't dealt with the relation between necessity and freedom,either.Classical German philosophy regarded necessity and freedom as the highest categories, re- vealing the dialectical relation between necessity and freedom. But Classical German philosophers represented by G. W. F.Hegel were all on tile standpoint of dialectical idealism, they couldn' t actually resolve this issue. L. A. Feuerbach expounded the categories of necessity and freedom on the materialistic standpoint,but he not only lacked the height of epistemology,but also kept the vast history out of his sight, so he could only reach tile limited height of the old material- ism. Only Marxist philosophy could truly and scientifically expound the categories of necessity and freedom.