宋代"武科"中的体育文化解读

从体育文化角度对宋代“武科”的确立与制度化、应试人资格与应试内容、武学等进行系统研究。结果显示:“武科”又称“武举”,是以“武艺弓射”等体育项目取士的科目,宋仁宗天圣七年(公元1029)正式设立,天圣八年确立三岁一贡举的制度;“三班使臣”、“虽未食禄实有行止”及“文武官子弟别无负犯者,如实有军谋武艺”之人可应试“武科”;武学课程除研习兵法,操练弓马外,还讲释“历代用兵成败,前世忠义之节”,武学教职由武学博士和学谕“一文一武”充当。宋代“武科”有助于社会“尚武”风气的形成和全民身体素质的提高,有力地促进了宋代民族传统体育———武术的形成和发展。

Unscrambling about Sports Culture of Wushu Exam in Song Dynasty

The paper, from the perspective of sports culture, systematically studies examination persons and contents, Wushu discipline in Song dynasty. The results show that Wushu Exam, also called Wuju, is one exam for selecting officer by some sports items, such as Wushu, bow skills etc. ; the system is formally established in 1029, and that every 3 years takes exam once in 1030; people, who are 3 grade envoys, hermits, no guilty records and have talent in fight and Wushu, can take the exam; the courses include drilling bow skills and riding, and explaining the fight success and failure causes in any dynasty and loyalism quality in ancient period; the teachers are taken by Wushu and arts doctors, that is one is gentle man and the other is general. Wushu Exam in Song dynasty can make the warrior vogue forming and the people physical quality improving, which effectively advances Wushu forming and development.