论司马迁和波利比乌的历史思想

司马迁和波利比乌历史思想中最重要的 ,而且能作出相对应比较研究的内容 ,主要在对天人关系和历史进程的认识两大方面。司马迁和波利比乌对天人之间的关系 ,都表述了深刻的见解 ,以为天是源于人们为谋求自身利益的行动和欲望之中 ,又不以人的意志为转移 ,高居于人的意志之上而必然出现的历史趋势。司马迁叙史 ,注意从变化中考察历史的进程。他把中华民族 2 0 0 0余年的历史划分为五个阶段 ,从历史人物的活动、联系及其变化中显示历史阶段的不同特点 ,以及下一历史阶段形成的原因 ,揭示了历史纵向发展之“通” (连续性 )和“变” (各历史阶段不同特点 )与横向空间历史人物活动之间的关系。波利比乌则以公元前 2 2 0年为界划分地中海世界的历史为两个阶段 ,从广阔的横向空间展示前 2 2 0年以后地中海诸国历史人物的活动。但他割裂了两个历史阶段之间所存在的必然联系 ,而且又以罗马必定征服地中海世界这一基点来推定横向空间全部历史内容的联系 ,表现出从静止不变的基点认识历史进程的思想

The Thought of History in the Works of Sima Qian and Polybius

The understanding of the relation between the heaven and human being and the progression of history is the most importance and can be compared in the thought of history of Sima Qian and Polybius.They contend that the heaven is the tendence of the development of history,and originates in the activities and the desire of human man ,but can not be controded by the will of man .Sima Qian inspects the progression of history by the concept of the change .He divides the history of China into five periods,and present the characteristic of the five periods and the formation of each of them by the activities of the history role.He exposes the connection between the linean development of history and the activities of the history role .Polybius divides the history of Mediterranean world into two periods by the year of 220B.C.He also present the activities of the role of the Mediterranean world .But Polybius fails to understand the continuity of the two periods,and presents the contact of the activities of the role by the predestine success of the Rome conquare. He inspects the progression of history by a static point.