《论语》政体观发微

《论语》中孔子论政有本然之理、实然之势和应然之道之分。本然之理指由人的道德属性、生理属性推出政权辐凑形成的三种模式：独阴无阳（纯任政刑）、阴阳相间（礼乐政刑相间）、独阳无阴（纯任礼乐）。此理之落实则有实然之势,一是正常政体西周,其政道是天下为家,治道则是政教并流;二是变态政体春秋,其政道为僭越篡夺,治道为礼崩刑重。孔子为匡治之,提出悬设的应然之道,其为理想政体,托名为唐虞之治,政道是天下为公,治道是为政以德。

On the Subtlety of Regime View in The Analects of Confucius

In the Analects of Confucius there are three types of the regimes based on inherent rationale, real history and ideal road. Firstly, the inherent rationale refers to the moral attributes and physical attributes of person that constitutes three government modes： based on policy and punishment or morality and comity or these four factors. Secondly, the real history has two phases. In The normal regime of the Western Zhou Dynasty, whose political power was held by some aristocrats, who managed the state by policy and education. In the abnormal regime of the Chun Qiu, whose political power was held by some bandits; they persecuted people by the law and the punishment. So Confucius advanced an ideal regime of Tang Yu, whose political power was held by all the people and they lived by their own morality.