Pleuston: animals which move in water and air |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan;2. Division of Ecological Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan;3. Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan;1. Willamette Cultural Resources Associates, Ltd., 623 SE Mill Street, Portland, OR 97214, USA;2. Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97202, USA;3. U.S. Geological Survey, 2130 SW 5th Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA;4. Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, 1680 E. 15th Ave., Eugene, OR 97403, USA;5. Department of Geological Sciences, 1272 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA;6. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;7. NSF-Arizona AMS Facility, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Physics Building, 1118 East Fourth St., P.O. Box 210081, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;8. School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, USA |
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| Abstract: | A lifestyle influenced by the conflicting pressures of two mediums can impose awkward constraints on animals. However, there are morphological and behavioural adaptations which permit animals to capitalize on the advantages of living and feeding in water and of moving (that is, of flying) in air, while at the same time avoiding many of the disadvantages they might face in one medium alone. This article considers these adaptations, and explores their mechanical and energetic consequences for pleustonic animals which have evolved to move in both water and air. |
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