九一八事变时张学良“未看清形势”吗？

张学良晚年把自己在九一八事变时实行不抵抗的原因,归结为错误判断形势,没认清日本的侵略意图。通过对皇姑屯事件与《田中奏折》、九一八事变前东北的形势、对日军动向的察觉、有关当事人的回忆、事变后张学良的说法及南京政府的认识等的阐述与分析,可以看到,九一八事变时,张学良并非“未看清形势”,他之所以不抵抗,主要是由于存有畏惧日本与保存实力的思想。

Questioning on the stand of Zhang Xueliang at the 918 incident

In his remaining years,Zhang Xueliang claims that the failure to resist the Japanese aggression is due to the misunderstanding of the situation at the 918 incident.On the basis of the studies of the Huanggutun incident,secret Tanaka Memorial,historical survey,reminiscence,and recollections of Zhang Xueliang,the paper concludes that Zhang Xueliang fails to resist not due to the misunderstanding of the situation,but to the fear of the aggressors and maintaining his power.