Field Dependence Revisited I: Intelligence

This paper addresses a central problem for the theory of field dependence-its relationship with intelligence. Measures of field dependence (e.g. the Embedded Figures Test, EFT) are often found unable to display discriminant validity with conventional intelligence tests. Field independence is often associated with higher intelligence. This has resulted in an unhelpful see-saw debate as to whether field independence is, or is not, another manifestation of greater intelligence. Furthermore, they have only been able to discuss the quantitative differences between the styles. This paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, it examines research between field dependence and psychometrical intelligence, including a recent study which uses the Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA) and compares the results with the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) to address the issue of whether the EFT is a valid measure of field dependence theory. The main part presents an argument for seeking a relationship with the componential subtheory of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg, 1985a), which may have greater potential for describing qualitative differences in intellectual functioning. It is proposed that field-independents may be associated with a heuristic routine that gives priority to selective encoding and selective comparing. By contrast, field-dependents may give priority to selective combining and selective comparing. The third part of the paper offers a brief summary of a study which empirically explores these proposed associations using both the EFT and CSA to measure FI. The findings reveal that, in both cases, some degree of functional association is found. However, the relationship is stronger with the latter measure. The conclusion of the paper is that Witkin's theory of field dependence may be usefully observed and informed through Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence.