交河塔林与密教东渐

吐鲁番交河塔林是依据密教五佛曼陀罗的义理修建的，建于唐中期，是密教东渐的遗迹。早期密教只有四方佛。五佛义理出现较晚，源自显宗华严思想。起初五佛名称不一，直到《金刚顶经》体系的经典，五佛曼陀罗的理念才确定。这种五佛五智塔又称金刚宝座塔，源自印度菩提伽耶成道纪念塔。交河密教随本地佛教的消亡而消亡。

Stupas in Yarkhoto and the Spreading of the Tantrism from West to east

As a famous ancient ruins on the Silk Road,the ancient Yarkhoto City is an archaeological site wity many Buddhist temples and stupas.On the back of a po Buddhist Temple lied in the north of the ancient Yarkhoto City, one hundred Buddhist stupas stand. These stupas consist of Mandala with five Buddhas. It can be ragarded as the remains of the Estoteric Buddhism spreading from India to eastern Asia through the Turpan area in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Ragion.