奖赏制度与清代社会简论

赏与罚是历代惯用的统治手法，二者相辅相成，交相为用，赏用以劝善，罚用以惩恶。相对于刑罚来说，奖赏更容易被人们所接受。清朝历次重大事件均伴随大规模的奖赏。清代奖赏制度是多层次的奖励系统，其名目之多，范围之广，通贯全朝，涉及所有阶层。奖赏成效与国力盛衰有相当密切的关系，也涉及奖赏过程中受赏者荣誉感与心态变迁。奖赏制度不过是恩威并施的手段而已。国势日衰后，尤其晚清时，面临内忧外患的巨大压力，为笼络人心，大量运用奖赏手段，使得滥用现象非常普遍，不仅起不到预期效果。反而败坏了社会风气，丧失了维护统治的重要职能。

On the Reward and Society of the Qing Dynasty

Reward and penalty are the usual ruling ways, which the former is used to lead to good deeds, the latter is used to punish the evils, and they supplement and complement each other. Compared with the penalties,the rewards are more likely to be accepted. Every major event of the Qing Dynasty is accompanied by large-scale rewards. The reward system is multi-level aspect of incentives, including so wide range, covering all social stratums, and passing of national strength. It also through the Qing Dynasty. Effectiveness involves sense of honor and changes of of reward is closely related to rise and fall mind in the process of reward. But the reward system is only means of Mathias. With decline of country, particularly in the late Qing Dynasty, when faced with enormous internal and external pressures,in order to win over people＇ s minds, a great deal of rewards were used, which made abuse quite common. In this case, desired results won＇ t be achieved ;it will corrupt social values, and lose the function of maintaining the rule.