产权变异:民国时期华北乡村土地纠纷之动因探研

民国时期,由于政治纷乱、天灾人祸不断,以及经济发展的极度不稳定性,使得华北乡村的土地产权状况出现多样化趋势,其特点是:土地所有权与经营权相分离、土地产权的细化分割现象突出、农民离村带来土地产权的大量变革、人口增多带来人均土地占有量减少等。在这种状况之下,民国时期华北乡村的土地纠纷大量发生,其诱发因素大致有五方面:一是租佃制实施过程中的一些弊端所引发的一田多主情况;二是农地细化分割所带来的界址纠纷;三是农民离村多年后返村所带来的重新确认土地产权;四是人口压力下的土地继承;五是灾荒所导致的地权再分配。

Variation of property as cause to the land conflicts in the northern rural areas in Republic of China

In the Republic of China,the political chaos,natural and manmade calamities,and economic instability make the rural land property diversified.The characteristics are the separation of ownership from authority,prominent ownership splits,change of ownership due to the deserts of farmers leaving their villages,and decrease of land in per capita.In this case,land disputes take place in northern China for the five reasons.First,the malpractices in the course of tenancy system lead to the phenomenon of the same land having many owners.Second,the serious land splits lead to the boundary disputes.Third,the farmers who come back home after leaving villages have to confirm their land ownership.Fourth,the burden of population leads to the land inheritance.Fifth,famine leads to the redistribution of land.