Not just for poor kids: The impact of universal free school breakfast on meal participation and student outcomes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, Institute for Education and Social Policy, New York University, 665 Broadway, Suite 805, New York, NY 10012, USA;2. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, Institute for Education and Social Policy, Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, 295 Lafayette Street, New York, NY 10012, USA;3. Steinhardt School of Education, Institute for Education and Social Policy, New York University, 665 Broadway, Suite 805, New York, NY 10012, USA;1. Department of Health Sciences, Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts;2. Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;3. Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts;4. Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;5. Institute for Child, Youth, and Family Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts;6. FSG, Boston, Massachusetts;7. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;8. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts;9. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts;10. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;1. Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, 2303 N. Parham Rd, Suite 1, Richmond, VA 23229, United States;2. Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN 37996, United States;3. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States;4. Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W Franklin St., Richmond, VA, United States;1. University of Pennsylvania, United States;2. Texas Tech University, United States;1. School of Business, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics. 1900 Wenxiang Road, Shanghai, China;2. School of Finance & Public Administration, Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance. 2800 Wenxiang Road, Shanghai 201620, China;1. Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan;2. WW International, New York, New York;3. Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;4. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;5. Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;6. Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences and University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware;7. The Food Trust, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
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| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of the implementation of a universal free school breakfast policy on meals program participation, attendance, and academic achievement. In 2003, New York City made school breakfast free for all students regardless of income, while increasing the price of lunch for those ineligible for meal subsidies. Using a difference-in-difference estimation strategy, we derive plausibly causal estimates of the policy's impact by exploiting within and between group variation in school meal pricing before and after the policy change. Our estimates suggest that the policy resulted in small increases in breakfast participation both for students who experienced a decrease in the price of breakfast and for free-lunch eligible students who experienced no price change. The latter suggests that universal provision may alter behavior through mechanisms other than price, highlighting the potential merits of universal provision over targeted services. We find limited evidence of policy impacts on academic outcomes. |
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| Keywords: | School meals program Child poverty policy Universal service provision School finance |
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