乡约·保甲·族正与清代乡村治理——以凌(火寿)《西江视臬纪事》为中心

清朝江西按察使凌火寿的《西江视臬纪事》,汇编了雍正、乾隆之际任上的行政文件,多记载社会方面的内容,其中不乏推行乡约、保甲、族正治理乡村基层社会的资料。考察该书可知,保甲与乡约是当时治理乡村社会的主要手段,出现了“约保”反映地方组织系统的词汇。一些地方还有负责“分发滚单、理处词讼”的“乡保”。地保则是指“乡地保甲”。维护社会治安性质的保甲,进行教化的乡约,与传统赋役征收和乡村管理体系的乡长互相结合渗透,宗族也被引进保甲、乡约进一步组织化,出现“族正”、“族约”的“族保”系统。清代治理乡村社会的组织措施,形成完整的基层社会组织体系,并影响了基层社会结构。凌火寿的实践,反映了清代国家与社会复杂的互动关系。

The Village Agreement,Guard Of Countryside And The Elder Of A Clan And Administration Of Countryside In Qing Dynasty

Lin Ju(?),the Inspector of Justice of Jiangxi in Qing dynasty,wrote a book titled Xijiang shinie jishi to compile many his administrative files during Yongzheng and Qianlong period,in which there are many materials about the society including the roles of the village agreements,the chief of precinct and the elder of a clan in the countryside.The village agreements and the chief of precinct had been regarded as the main ways to put the countryside in order and a series of new phases,such as "Agreement Chief","Countryside Chief" about the local social system appeared in this book.The guard for the public security combined with the educational village agreement and the clan system,and formed a new and complete countryside system which influenced the basic social structure.All these showed the complex interrelated relationships during Qing dynasty between the Nation and the society.