德瓦尔论潘属猿如何谋求和平

德瓦尔关于潘属猿如何谋求和平的主要观点可概括为：一.生存与繁殖竞争决定了社会成员之间必然存在着冲突的可能性,但冲突的危害也已使社会动物演化出了多种避免与解决冲突、维持和平的自然机制;二.潘属猿的求和与维和之道主要有：容忍、和解与干涉;其具体方式主要有：1.通过抚摸、拥抱、毛皮护理及性行为来安抚对方从而使对方能容忍自己的行为或通过自我克制来使自己能容忍对方的行为,从而避免冲突;2.通过冲突双方的主动和解或经第三方调解来达到和解;3.通过第三方的威慑与干涉来制止冲突、维护和平。

Frans De Waal's Viewpoints on How Apes of Pan Make Peace

Frans De Waal＇s main viewpoints on how apes of Pan（Chimpanzee Bonobo） make peace can be generalized as follows：That the possibility of conflicts exists inevitably in a society is determined by the competition for survival and reproduction between the members of it,but the harm of conflicts has also made the social animals evolve many kinds of natural mechanism for avoiding and resolving conflicts so as to keep peace.The main ways for the apes of Pan to make peace are tolerance,reconciliation and intervention,the specific realization of which is as follows：1.To appease the opposite party by touching,hugging,grooming and having sex with him or her so as to make him or her be able to put up with one＇s own behavior,or make oneself be able to put up with the opposite party＇s behavior by tutoring oneself,so that the conflicts could be avoided.2.To become reconciled by the active reconciliation of the two parties themselves in a conflict or by the mediation from a third party.3.To stop conflicts and then keep peace by overawing or intervening in the two parties in conflicts from a third party.